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Critical physical geography and the study of genocide: Lessons from Cambodia

机译：关键的物理地理与种族灭绝研究：柬埔寨的课程

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摘要

For holistic accounts of past and present genocides to exist, the production of critical geographies of genocide, produced at the interface of human and physical geography, is vital. The emergent area of critical physical geography (CPG) scholarship stands to provide such holistic accounts in addition to providing genocide studies with a much-needed geographic perspective, one that is grounded in the lived material realities and social relations produced by the material interactions humans have with their environments. With the land, water, and people of Democratic Kampuchea and contemporary Cambodia as subjects, this work demonstrates how a grounded, empirical CPG approach enhances our understanding of genocide and its aftermath. By examining processes of landscape transformation we suggest that violence, agriculture, and water in the context of Cambodia cannot be considered separate "social" or "natural" components of systems that are either exclusively geopolitical or physiographic. Rather, we emphasise the importance of understanding genocide and violence as internally related to the wider geomorphology-and resulting hydrology and agricultural landscape-produced under the Khmer Rouge. Our approach here has two important consequences. First, the resultant empirical knowledge serves to reinterpret how the Cambodian genocide happened, upending normative myths by demonstrating that the Khmer Rouge consistently acted with intentionality in devaluing human life to the point of mass death while transforming physical landscapes to modernise and enter the global capitalist economy. This reinterpretation serves as a framework for reinterpreting how other genocides may also be stories of continuity and acceleration, rather than aberrant rupture. Second, our CPG approach communicates to genocide studies the need to better situate genocides within their material-geographic contexts. Specifically, that paying close attention to how humans live and die socio-politically, relative to the changing physical landscapes around them, can yield significant insights into how and why genocides continue to happen.
机译：对于过去的整体账户和存在的种族灭绝存在，存在于人类和物理地理界面产生的种族灭绝的临界地理，是至关重要的。关键物理地理（CPG）奖学金的紧急领域还提供了这种整体账户，除了提供具有急需地理角度的种族灭绝研究，它是基于物质互动人类所产生的生活现实和社会关系的基础。与他们的环境。与民主柬埔寨和当代柬埔寨人民的土地，水和当代柬埔寨作为主题，这项工作展示了如何接地，经验的CPG方法提高我们对种族灭绝的理解及其后果。通过审查景观转型的流程，我们建议在柬埔寨背景下的暴力，农业和水不能被视为独家地缘政治或地理学的系统的单独的“社会”或“自然”组成部分。相反，我们强调了解种族灭绝和暴力的重要性与内部相关的与更广泛的地貌和产生的水文和农业景观制作在高棉地区产生的内部。我们这里的方法有两个重要的后果。首先，由此产生的经验知识是重新诠释柬埔寨种族灭绝如何发生，通过证明Khmer Rouge始终如一地致力于将人类生命持续到大规模死亡，同时将物理景观转变为现代化，进入全球资本主义经济。这种重新解释用作重新诠释其他种族化的框架也可以是连续性和加速的故事，而不是异常破裂。其次，我们的CPG方法与种族灭绝研究沟通，需要更好地在其材料地理上下文中获得种族灭绝。具体而言，要密切关注人类如何生活和死亡，相对于周围的物理景观，可以对如何以及为什么种族灭绝继续发生的显着洞察。

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