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Does lacking a car put the brakes on activity participation? Private vehicle access and access to opportunities among low-income adults

机译：缺少汽车是否会对活动参与刹车？私人车辆访问和获得低收入成年人的机会

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Private vehicle travel entails costs to society. However, in a world designed around the automobile, adults who lack access to a vehicle for economic reasons may experience a significant handicap due to constrained mobility and accessibility. This paper examines whether private vehicle access is associated with the quantity and quality of out-of-home activities in which low-income individuals participate. We use pooled data from multiple time use surveys drawn from the Netherlands, Canada, Spain, and the United Kingdom, and employ Cragg two-part hurdle modeling to determine whether there is an association between household vehicle access and participation in twelve out-of-home activity types. As a robustness check, we also estimate multiple discrete continuous extreme value (MDCEV) models. Further, we examine travel time by mode for those with and without vehicles. Finally, we use American Time Use Survey data and fixed-effects panel models to determine the subjective well-being that is associated with our out-of-home activity types. A lack of private vehicle access is associated with significantly less frequent out-of-home activity participation, both in the aggregate and for seven of the twelve individual activities. Moreover, the activities most likely to be foregone are generally associated with high subjective well-being, suggesting that constrained mobility comes with significant emotional costs. We find a greater "activity penalty" for rural residents and for Canadian residents without vehicle access; urbanites without vehicles in the U.K. are the only geographic group which do not exhibit an activity penalty. Finally, respondents with vehicle access spend more total time traveling, although those without private vehicles partially offset spending less time in them with higher use of alternative modes. Overall, the findings suggest that the lack of a private vehicle is deleterious for quality of life, raising troubling questions about inequity possibly arising when people are denied access to vehicles for economic reasons.
机译：私人车辆旅行需要对社会的成本。然而，在汽车围绕汽车设计的世界中，由于受限制的移动性和可访问性，缺乏通向车辆的成年人可能会遇到重要的障碍。本文审查了私人车辆访问是否与低收入个人参与的户外活动的数量和质量相关联。我们使用从荷兰，加拿大，西班牙和英国的多次使用汇集数据进行调查，并采用剪切两部分障碍建模，以确定家庭车辆访问与参与十二次外交之间是否存在关系。家庭活动类型。作为稳健性检查，我们还估计了多个离散的连续极值（MDCEV）模型。此外，我们以有没有车辆的人来检查旅行时间。最后，我们使用美国时间使用调查数据和固定效果面板模型来确定与我们家庭外活动类型相关的主观福祉。缺乏私人车辆接入与聚集在汇总和七个单独活动中的七个有关的频繁频繁的频繁活动。此外，最有可能被放弃的活动通常与高主观福祉相关，这表明受限制的移动性具有显着的情绪成本。我们为农村居民和没有车辆访问的加拿大居民找到了更大的“活动惩罚”; U.K的Urchites没有车辆。是唯一没有表现出活动惩罚的地理集团。最后，带有车辆访问的受访者花费更多的总时间行驶，尽管那些没有私人车辆的人在更高使用替代模式时部分抵消了较少的时间。总的来说，调查结果表明，缺乏私人车辆对于生活质量有害，提高有关可能因经济原因进入车辆而可能产生的令人不安的问题。

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