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How do economies of density in container handling operations affect ships' time and emissions in port? Evidence from Norwegian container terminals

机译：集装箱装卸作业的密度经济如何影响船舶的时间和港口排放？挪威集装箱码头的证据

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Efficient port services are prerequisites for competitive and sustainable maritime transports. This paper makes advances in studying the determinants of the time that ships spend in port and the associated emissions to air. We estimate a production model for cargo handling based on a unique dataset containing each port of call at the largest container terminals in Norway in 2014. In turn, we use auxiliary engine emission factors to estimate particulate matter and nitrogen oxide emissions from ships at berth, to determine how the corresponding damage costs of air pollution vary with container throughput, location, and terminal investments. We find that Norwegian container terminals operate under increasing returns to density. Small ships that unload few containers are far from reaping economies of density, leading to high marginal time requirements for container handling and consequently high marginal external costs. From a Pigouvian taxation perspective, port charges should therefore be regressive in the number of containers handled. Moreover, we find that the external costs of maritime transports are severely understated when port operations are ignored. Our model allows determining the marginal productivities of port facilities. Thereby, it is instrumental in designing port charges that are diversified according to the quantity of containers handled and the service quality (i.e., the speed of handling operations). Regarding contextual factors, we find that establishing high-frequent liner services improves the ship working rate, while simultaneous calls at a terminal impede productivity. The type of container (loading/unloading; empty/laden) also appears to influence the duration of ship working.
机译：高效的港口服务是竞争和可持续海上运输的先决条件。本文在研究船舶在港口停留时间的决定因素以及与之相关的空气排放方面取得了进展。我们将基于一个独特的数据集估算货物处理的生产模型，该数据集包含2014年挪威最大的集装箱码头的每个停靠港。反过来，我们使用辅助发动机排放因子估算泊位上船舶的颗粒物和氮氧化物排放量，确定相应的空气污染破坏成本如何随集装箱吞吐量，位置和码头投资而变化。我们发现，挪威的集装箱码头的密度回报率不断提高。卸下很少集装箱的小型船远未获得密度的经济效益，从而导致集装箱装卸的边际时间要求很高，因此边际外部成本也很高。因此，从庇古税制的角度来看，港口费用应随所处理的集装箱数量而递减。此外，我们发现当忽略港口运营时，海上运输的外部成本被严重低估了。我们的模型可以确定港口设施的边际生产率。因此，有助于设计根据所处理的集装箱的数量和服务质量（即，处理操作的速度）而多样化的港口费用。关于上下文因素，我们发现建立频繁的班轮服务可以提高船的工作率，而在码头同时呼叫会影响生产率。集装箱的类型（装载/卸载；空/满载）也似乎会影响船舶的工作时间。

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