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The congestion multiplier: Variations in motorists' valuations of travel time with traffic conditions

机译：拥堵乘数：驾驶员对出行时间的评估随交通状况的变化

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The value of travel time savings in part depends upon the disutility of the travel time that is saved and partly on the use to which the time saved is put. It has long been recognised that the disutility of the time spent travelling also depends upon a wide range of factors such as the journey length or the effort, comfort and safety associated with travelling. Hence we might expect the value of motorists' travel time to vary with the traffic conditions as represented by the degree of congestion, in part to reflect the more difficult driving environment when there are more vehicles, but also a higher sense of frustration, similar to that associated with waiting time and contributing to its premium valuation. In this context, and despite the predominance of car travel in developed countries, the empirical evidence specifically relating to car values of travel time tends to fail to distinguish between different types of time according to the degree of congestion. Thus we are often left unclear as to precisely what type of time has been valued. Moreover, when a distinction is made, it tends to be into a simple dichotomy of congested and uncongested traffic. This paper provides new evidence on the variation in the valuation of motorists' travel time savings across a finer gradation of types of time than has been hitherto attempted. This is obtained from the same Stated Choice exercise conducted in the United Kingdom and the United States. The paper also provides an extensive account of previous research into how congestion impacts on motorists' values of time.
机译：节省旅行时间的价值部分取决于所节省的旅行时间的无用性，部分取决于节省时间的用途。长期以来，人们认识到旅行所花费时间的无用还取决于广泛的因素，例如旅途时间或与旅行有关的努力，舒适性和安全性。因此，我们可以预期驾驶者的出行时间价值会随着交通状况的变化而变化，如拥挤程度所表示的，部分原因是当更多的车辆行驶时，驾驶环境更加困难，而挫折感也更高，类似于与等待时间有关并为其溢价估值做出贡献的成本。在这种情况下，尽管发达国家的汽车旅行占主导地位，但专门与旅行时间的汽车价值相关的经验证据往往无法根据拥堵程度来区分不同类型的时间。因此，我们通常不清楚确切地估计了哪种类型的时间。而且，当进行区分时，它倾向于变成拥塞和未拥塞的流量的简单二分法。本文提供了新的证据，表明在迄今尚未尝试的更精细的时间类型范围内，驾驶员节省的旅行时间所产生的价值变化。这是从在英国和美国进行的相同“陈述选择”练习中获得的。本文还广泛地介绍了以前的研究，即交通拥堵如何影响驾驶员的时间价值。

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