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Reducing the air quality and CO2 climate impacts of taxi and takeoff operations at airports

机译：降低机场的滑行和起飞操作对空气质量和二氧化碳气候的影响

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Aircraft activity at airports is a source of CO2 emissions that affect the climate and other pollutants that affect air quality and human health. We estimate the air quality and climate benefits of two measures applied to aircraft operations at the Detroit Metropolitan Airport - pushback control and de-rated takeoffs. We also calculate the minimum air quality and environmental impacts beyond fuel burn and CO2 minimization by optimizing gate holding and takeoff thrust hourly over the year. Pushback control (i.e. holding aircraft at their gates up to 25 min to reduce congestion) minimizes fuel burn and reduces emissions and air quality impacts from taxi operations by 35-38% relative to no gate holds. The PM2.5 and 03 costs can be further reduced beyond fuel burn minimization by 2.7% and 8.5%, respectively, by optimizing the gate holds according to time-varying atmospheric conditions. De rated takeoffs (i.e. takeoffs at 75% thrust) reduce PM2,5 costs from takeoff operations by 18% (up to 21.6% when optimized) relative to full-thrust takeoffs, but result in 3% increased fuel burn and CO2 climate impacts. The environmental costs of takeoff operations are minimized with an average thrust setting of 81%, while total fuel combustion-related costs (i.e. the sum of environmental, fuel and maintenance costs) are minimized with 75% thrust. Our findings suggest that the pushback control strategy is effective in mitigating the environmental impacts of taxi operations at airports, and that de-rated takeoffs are effective in reducing the environmental costs of takeoff operations at an optimal level of de-rate. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：机场的飞机活动是影响气候的CO2排放源以及影响空气质量和人体健康的其他污染物。我们估算了底特律大都会机场用于飞机运行的两项措施对空气质量和气候的好处-推回控制和降落起飞。通过优化一年中每小时的闸门保持和起飞推力，我们还计算了除燃料消耗和二氧化碳最小化之外的最小空气质量和环境影响。推回控制（即将飞机保持在登机口最多25分钟以减少拥塞）可最大程度地减少燃油消耗，并将滑行操作产生的排放和空气质量影响相对于没有登机口保持的情况降低35-38％。通过根据随时间变化的大气条件优化闸门保持，可将PM2.5和03的成本进一步降低，不仅使燃料燃烧最小化分别降低2.7％和8.5％。相对于全推力起飞，额定起飞（即以75％的推力起飞）可将起飞操作中的PM2,5成本降低18％（优化后最高可达到21.6％），但可导致燃油消耗增加3％，并减少CO2对气候的影响。起飞操作的环境成本最小化，平均推力设定为81％，而与燃料燃烧相关的总成本（即环境，燃料和维护成本之和）最小化，推力为75％。我们的研究结果表明，后推控制策略可有效减轻机场滑行操作对环境的影响，降额起飞可有效降低起飞操作在最佳降级水平下的环境成本。 （C）2017 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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