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Identifying key assumptions and differences in life cycle assessment studies of lithium-ion traction batteries with focus on greenhouse gas emissions

机译：确定锂离子动力电池生命周期评估研究中的关键假设和差异，重点放在温室气体排放上

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The various studies that consider the life cycle environmental impacts of lithium-ion traction batteries report widely different results. This article evaluates the inventory data and results to identify the key assumptions and differences in the studies. To aid the identification, we compile the reported life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of batteries. The studies find production-related emissions in the range of 38-356 kg CO2-eq/kW h. One of the main sources of the large variations stems from differing assumptions regarding direct energy demand associated with cell manufacture and pack assembly. Further differences are due to assumptions regarding the amount of cell materials and other battery components. The indirect emissions associated with the use phase depend on the conversion losses in the battery, the energy required to transport the weight of the battery, and the carbon intensity of the electricity. Of the reviewed studies assessing the use phase, all estimate energy use associated with conversion losses while only one considers the mass induced energy requirement. Although there are several industrial end-of-life treatment alternatives for lithium-ion batteries, very few studies consider this life cycle stage. Studies using the "recycled content" approach report emissions in the range of 3.6-27 kg CO2-eq/kW h battery, while studies using the "end-of-life" approach report emission reductions in the range of 16-32 kg CO2-eq/kW h battery. The uncertainty associated with the end-of-life results is high as the data availability on industrial process is limited. Based on our findings, we discuss how the life emissions of lithium-ion traction batteries may be reduced. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：考虑锂离子牵引电池生命周期对环境的影响的各种研究报告了截然不同的结果。本文评估库存数据和结果，以确定研究中的关键假设和差异。为了帮助识别，我们汇编了报告的电池生命周期温室气体排放量。研究发现，与生产相关的排放量在38-356千克二氧化碳当量/千瓦时的范围内。大量变化的主要来源之一来自与电池制造和电池组组装相关的直接能源需求的不同假设。进一步的差异归因于有关电池材料和其他电池组件数量的假设。与使用阶段有关的间接排放取决于电池中的转换损耗，运输电池重量所需的能量以及电的碳强度。在评估使用阶段的已审查研究中，所有研究都估计了与转换损失相关的能源使用，而只有一项研究考虑了质量感应能量需求。尽管锂离子电池有多种工业寿命终止处理替代品，但很少有研究考虑此生命周期阶段。使用“回收物含量”方法的研究报告的排放量为3.6-27千克CO2-eq / kWh电池，而使用“报废”方法的研究报告的排放量减少了16-32 kg CO2 -eq / kW h电池。由于工业过程中数据的可用性受到限制，因此与报废结果相关的不确定性很高。根据我们的发现，我们讨论如何减少锂离子牵引电池的寿命。 （C）2017 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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