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Modeling the effects of environmentally differentiated distance-based car-use charges in the Netherlands

机译：在荷兰模拟环境差异化基于距离的汽车使用费用的影响

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This paper uses the automobile market model Dynamo to assess the effects of replacing car purchase and road taxes with CO_2-differentiated distance-based user charges in the Netherlands. The effects of this replacement on vehicle size and the composition of the car fleet are estimated, as are the effects on emissions and mileage. We conclude that distance-based charging schemes can reduce CO_2 emissions and other traffic-related pollutants but can also have unintended impacts on the size, composition and environmental performance of the national car fleet (e.g., car ownership increases, fuel efficiency is reduced and emissions per kilometer driven increases). These unintended effects occur because households react more strongly to one-time fixed costs than to recurring variable costs and because car costs are reduced for households with relatively low car usage. Environmentally differentiated distance-based charges can reduce these effects, but only partially.
机译：本文使用汽车市场模型Dynamo来评估在荷兰用CO_2区分距离的用户收费代替购车和道路税的影响。估计了这种替换对车辆尺寸和车队组成的影响，以及对排放和行驶里程的影响。我们得出结论，基于距离的收费方案可以减少CO_2排放和其他与交通有关的污染物，但也可能对国家车队的规模，组成和环境绩效产生意想不到的影响（例如，汽车保有量增加，燃油效率降低和排放量降低）每公里驱动的增加）。之所以会出现这些意想不到的影响，是因为家庭对一次性固定成本的反应比对反复发生的可变成本的反应更强烈，并且由于汽车使用量相对较低的家庭的汽车成本降低了。基于环境的基于距离的电荷可以减少这些影响，但只能部分缓解。

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