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On the design of public infrastructure systems with elastic demand

机译：具有弹性需求的公共基础设施系统设计

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This paper considers the optimization of public infrastructure systems, recognizing that these systems serve multiple user classes. Example application domains include: public transportation systems, electricity distribution grids, urban water distribution systems, and maintenance of pavement and bridge systems. Under the guidance of a policy-making body, the analyst chooses both the system design, including its layout and control, and the prices to be charged for the service. The goal of the optimization is to maximize society's welfare recognizing that the system's performance will in general depend on the system's demand, and vice versa. The optimization problem is first formulated in its full complexity, where the prices, the demand and the system design are to be determined. It is then shown that if the user classes recognized in the analysis can be priced independently, and if the policy setting body specifies either the demand levels or the generalized prices experienced by each user group, then the resulting welfare maximization problem decomposes into three sub-problems that can be solved sequentially: demand estimation, system design and pricing. It also turns out that the optimum design can always be obtained by minimizing the generalized cost of the system to society for the known fixed demand, as is conventionally done in practice. The resulting design is independent of how net user benefits are measured and of the pricing scheme. If the policy-making body does not specify cost or demand targets, and instead assesses benefits by means of consumer surplus then the optimum design is still the solution of a conventional design problem with fixed demand. In this case, however, the demand has to be obtained iteratively using a marginal cost pricing rule. The paper finally shows how government can structure payments to a for-profit agency so it will be induced to design and operate the system optimally for society.
机译：本文考虑了公共基础设施系统的优化，认识到这些系统服务于多个用户类别。示例应用领域包括：公共交通系统，配电网，城市给水系统以及人行道和桥梁系统的维护。在决策机构的指导下，分析人员既选择系统设计（包括布局和控制），也选择服务收费。优化的目标是最大化社会的福利，同时要认识到系统的性能通常取决于系统的需求，反之亦然。首先以最复杂的形式提出优化问题，其中要确定价格，需求和系统设计。然后表明，如果分析中识别的用户类别可以独立定价，并且如果策略设置机构指定每个用户组所经历的需求水平或广义价格，则由此产生的福利最大化问题将分解为三个子类别：可以顺序解决的问题：需求估算，系统设计和定价。还证明，如通常在实践中所做的那样，对于已知的固定需求，总是可以通过最小化系统对社会的总体成本来始终获得最佳设计。最终的设计与净用户收益的衡量方式和定价方案无关。如果决策机构未指定成本或需求目标，而是通过消费者剩余来评估收益，则最佳设计仍然是具有固定需求的常规设计问题的解决方案。但是，在这种情况下，必须使用边际成本定价规则来迭代获得需求。最后，本文说明了政府如何构造向营利性机构付款的方式，从而促使人们为社会优化设计和运行该系统。

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