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Transport emissions and travel behaviour: A critical review of recent European Union and UK policy initiatives

机译：运输排放和旅行行为：对近期欧盟和英国政策举措的严格审查

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摘要

There are clear signs of a shift in the UK transport policy in response to concerns about the environmental impacts of road transport and anxieties about the implications of the projected future growth in demand. Much of the framework of UK transport policy is now determined at the overall European Union level. To date most European legislation and policy proposals have been concerned with reducing the specific externalities associated with the transport sector, with none of the measures involved likely to have more than a marginal impact on the growth in demand. The emerging research evidence suggests however that the private costs of car use in Europe may fall substantially short of its total social costs and there is an important emerging policy debate about how this gap might be closed. The UK has introduced a policy package designed to reduce the growth of car travel and its environmental impact, within which land-use planning measures feature prominently. The land-use policies, which to some extent represent a reassertion of many traditional UK planning policies, include: an emphasis on focussing new development in urban areas, increasing residential densities, strengthening the role of existing centres and improving provision for walking and cycling. A number of factors will constrain the effectiveness of the package in practice. There are also concerns about its impact on key environmental objectives, including air quality. There are important questions too about the welfare effects of increasing densities and about the wider impacts of the package on economic efficiency.
机译：出于对公路运输对环境的影响的担忧以及对预计未来需求增长的影响的担忧，英国的运输政策有明显的变化迹象。现在，英国运输政策的大部分框架是在整个欧盟范围内确定的。迄今为止，大多数欧洲立法和政策建议都在关注减少与运输部门相关的具体外部性，所涉及的任何措施都不会对需求增长产生边际影响。然而，新出现的研究证据表明，欧洲汽车使用的私人成本可能远远低于其总社会成本，并且就如何缩小这种差距存在着重要的新兴政策辩论。英国出台了旨在减少汽车旅行的增长及其对环境的影响的一揽子政策，其中土地使用规划措施尤为突出。土地使用政策在某种程度上代表了英国许多传统规划政策的重申，包括：强调将重点放在城市地区的新发展，增加住宅密度，加强现有中心的作用以及改善步行和骑自行车的设施上。在实践中，许多因素都会限制该软件包的有效性。人们还担心其对关键环境目标（包括空气质量）的影响。密度增加对福利的影响以及一揽子计划对经济效率的更广泛影响也存在重要问题。

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