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Public transportation objectives and rider demographics: are transit's priorities poor public policy?

机译：公共交通目标和乘客人口统计：公交的优先重点是否不符合公共政策？

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摘要

Strong public and political support for mass transit in the U.S. is based on lofty goals, including congestion reduction, economic development, aesthetics, sustainability, and much more. Yet, as is the case in many areas of public policy, the pursuit of multiple and broad objectives, however worthy, can diffuse efforts and fail to achieve desired results. Moreover, these goals suggest a lack of focus on the needs of transit riders themselves, particularly the poor and transit dependent. We examine this by combining data from the National Household Travel Survey, the National Transit Database, the American Public Transportation Association, and a survey we conducted of 50 U.S. transit operators. First, we find that while rail transit riders in the aggregate are approximately as wealthy as private vehicle travelers, bus patrons have far lower incomes, and this disparity is growing over time. Second, few transit agencies publicly identify serving the poor or minorities as a goal, instead focusing on objectives that appeal to more affluent riders and voters as a whole. Finally, in recent decades transit spending priorities have been slanted away from bus service and towards commuter-oriented rail services favored by the wealthier general voting public, although most members of this group rarely if ever ride transit. We contend that efforts to secure popular support for transit subsidies stifle agencies' ability to acknowledge transit's critical social service function and serve the needs of its core demographic. While such strategies make sense politically, underselling the poor may be poor public policy.
机译：美国对公共交通的大力公共和政治支持是基于崇高的目标，包括减少拥堵，经济发展，美观，可持续性等等。但是，就像在公共政策的许多领域一样，追求多重和广泛的目标，无论多么有价值，都可能分散努力，而未能取得预期的结果。此外，这些目标表明缺乏对过境乘车人本身的需求的关注，特别是对贫困者和过境者的需求。我们将全国家庭旅行调查，国家公交数据库，美国公共交通协会的数据以及我们对50名美国公交运营商进行的调查相结合，对数据进行了研究。首先，我们发现，尽管轨道交通的总体上与私人交通工具的旅行者一样富有，但公交顾客的收入却低得多，而且这种差距随着时间的推移而在增加。其次，很少有公交机构公开将为穷人或少数族裔服务作为目标，而将重点放在吸引更富裕的车手和选民整体上的目标上。最后，在最近的几十年中，公共交通支出的优先重点已经从公共汽车服务转向了较富裕的普选公众所偏爱的通勤铁路服务，尽管该类别的大多数成员很少乘坐公交。我们争辩说，为获得大众对公交补贴的支持而进行的努力扼杀了中介机构承认公交的关键社会服务功能并满足其核心人口需求的能力。尽管这种策略在政治上是有意义的，但向穷人推销可能是不良的公共政策。

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