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The impact of a financial constraint on the spatial structure of public transport services

机译：财政限制对公共交通服务空间结构的影响

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Using a single line model, it has been shown recently that the presence of a stringent financial constraint induces a less than optimal bus frequency and larger than optimal bus size. This occurs because the constraint induces a reduction of the importance of users' costs (their time); in the extreme, users' costs disappear from the design problem. In this paper we show that such a constraint also has an impact on the spatial structure of transit lines. This is done departing from the single line model using an illustrative urban network that could be served either with direct services (no transfers) or with corridors (transfers are needed). First, the optimal structure of lines is investigated along with frequencies and vehicle sizes when the full costs for users and operators are minimized (unconstrained case); the optimal lines structure is shown to depend upon the patronage level, the values of time and the cost of providing bus capacity. Then the same problem is solved for the extreme case of a stringent financial constraint, in which case users' costs have relatively little or no effect in determining the solution; in this case the preferred outcome would be direct services under all circumstances, with lower frequencies and larger bus sizes. The impact of the financial constraint on the spatial structure of transit lines is shown to be caused by the reduction in cycle time under direct services; the introduction of users' costs in the objective function makes waiting times reverse this result under some circumstances.
机译：使用单线模型，最近已经显示出，严格的财务约束的存在引起了小于最佳总线频率和大于最佳总线尺寸的诱发。发生这种情况是因为约束条件导致用户成本重要性（时间）的减少；在极端情况下，用户的成本将从设计问题中消失。在本文中，我们证明了这种约束条件也对公交线路的空间结构产生了影响。这是通过使用说明性的城市网络偏离单线模型来完成的，该网络可以直接服务（无中转）或走廊（需要中转）来服务。首先，当使用户和运营商的全部成本降到最低时（不受限制的情况），研究线路的最佳结构以及频率和车辆尺寸。显示的最佳线路结构取决于乘客量，时间值和提供公交车容量的成本。然后，对于严格的财务约束的极端情况也解决了相同的问题，在这种情况下，用户的成本对确定解决方案的影响相对较小或没有影响；在这种情况下，首选结果将是在所有情况下以较低的频率和较大的总线大小直接提供服务。财务限制对过境线空间结构的影响表明是直接服务周期时间缩短所致；在目标函数中引入用户费用会使某些情况下的等待时间逆转。

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