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Envisioning an emission diet: application of travel demand mechanisms to facilitate policy decision making

机译：设想排放饮食：运用旅行需求机制促进政策决策

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摘要

Emission reduction strategies are gaining attention as planning agencies work towards adherence to air quality conformity standards. Policymakers struggling to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) must grapple with a growing number of travel demand policies. To consider any of these emerging demand mechanisms as a viable option to meet emission targets, planners and policymakers need tools to better understand the implications of such policies on travel behavior. In this paper we present an integrated multimodal travel demand and emission model of four policy strategies; presenting GHG and air pollutant reduction results at a very detailed level. Multiple policy outcomes are compared within a single modeling framework and study area. The results reveal that while no one demand mechanism is likely to reduce emissions to a level that meets policy-maker's goals; a first-best pricing strategy that incorporates marginal social costs is the most effective emission reduction mechanism. Implementing such a mechanism may offer total emission reductions of up to 24 %. However, the efficacy of this strategy must be weighed against difficulties of establishing efficient pricing, a costly implementation, and substantial negative impacts to non-highway facilities. Decision makers must select a mixture of pricing and land use strategies to achieve emission goals on all road facilities.
机译：随着规划机构努力遵守空气质量合格标准，减少排放的策略正受到关注。努力减少温室气体（GHG）的决策者必须应对越来越多的旅行需求政策。为了将这些新兴需求机制中的任何一种视为实现排放目标的可行选择，规划者和决策者需要工具来更好地理解此类政策对出行行为的影响。在本文中，我们提出了四种政策策略的综合多式联运出行需求和排放模型。详细介绍温室气体和空气污染物的减排结果。在单个建模框架和研究区域内比较多个政策结果。结果表明，虽然没有人可以通过需求机制将排放量降低到符合决策者目标的水平；结合边际社会成本的最佳定价策略是最有效的减排机制。实施这种机制可以使总排放量减少多达24％。但是，必须权衡该策略的有效性与建立有效定价的困难，昂贵的实施以及对非高速公路设施的重大负面影响。决策者必须选择混合定价和土地使用策略，以实现所有道路设施的排放目标。

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