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Urbanization effects on spatial-temporal differentiation of tree communities in high-density residential areas

机译：城市化对高密度居住区树木群落时空分异的影响

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The changing mode of urban development through time can bring a varied landscape mosaic accompanied by spatial-temporal differentiation of urban vegetation. Hong Kong as an ultra-compact city generates intense interactions between trees and urban fabric to highlight urbanization effects on tree communities. The study areas cover public housing estates which accommodate about half of the 7.26 million population. Thirteen site factors related to estate, landform and habitat traits were measured or computed as surrogate urbanization effects. Species composition and diversity of tree communities in 102 estates were assessed by field surveys, including four estate groups: older or newer ones situated respectively in urban core or new towns. They contain 48,823 trees belonging to 232 species with heavy exotic representation. Total tree density and native tree density in newer estates were significantly higher than older ones. Differences in species richness and diversity and native species richness between older and newer estates were not significant, expressing to a certain extent the floristic-homogenization phenomenon. Multi-response Permutation Procedures (MRPP) results showed significant difference in species composition between older and newer estates, which could be explained by variations in development age, density, town plan and pre-urbanization land cover. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) results found tree distribution patterns in four estate groups strongly associated with estate area, open space area, estate population, estate age, Shannon index (H') at planting strip and tree pit, and tree site quality index. Urban-forest management could be improved by adopting more native species and providing high-quality and spacious planting sites to accommodate more and larger trees. The research methods and findings could be used by policy makers and planners in similar large and developing cities to evaluate, design, maintain and enhance urban biodiversity.
机译：随着时间的推移，城市发展方式的变化会带来各种各样的景观镶嵌，并伴随着城市植被的时空分异。香港是一个超紧凑的城市，它在树木和城市结构之间产生了强烈的相互作用，突出了城市化对树木群落的影响。研究区域覆盖了726万人口中约一半的公共住房。测量或计算了十三种与不动产，地貌和栖息地特征相关的场地因素，作为替代性城市化效应。通过现场调查评估了102个庄园的树木群落的物种组成和多样性，包括四个庄园组：分别位于城市核心或新城镇的旧的或新的。它们包含48,823棵树，属于232种，具有大量的异国情调。新村的总树密度和原生树密度显着高于老树。新旧庄园之间物种丰富度和多样性以及本地物种丰富度的差异不显着，在一定程度上表达了植物同质化现象。多响应置换程序（MRPP）结果显示，旧庄园和新庄园之间物种组成存在显着差异，这可以通过开发年龄，密度，城市规划和前城市化土地覆盖率的变化来解释。非度量多维标度（NMDS）结果发现，四个庄园组的树木分布模式与庄园面积，开放空间面积，庄园人口，庄园年龄，种植带和树坑的香农指数（H'）以及树地质量指数密切相关。可以通过采用更多的本地树种并提供高质量和宽敞的种植地来容纳更多和更大的树木来改善城市森林管理。研究方法和发现可被类似的大型和发展中城市的政策制定者和计划者用来评估，设计，维护和增强城市生物多样性。

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