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Driving forces for import of waste for energy recovery in Sweden

机译：瑞典用于能源回收的废物进口驱动力

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The import of yellow waste for energy recovery in Sweden mainly comes from Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands and Norway. During 1999-2002 the amounts from these countries corresponded to over 90% of the import. Our conclusion is that the following driving forces have contributed to recent import into Sweden. The energy system infrastructure, which enables high energy recovery in Sweden through the use of district heating. The large use of solid fuels (biofuels and peat) with characteristics similar td those of waste-derived fuels also facilitates the import. The energy taxation, which increases the value of district heat from waste-derived fuels. High Swedish taxes on fossil fuels make the solid biofuels the main alternative for base load production of district heat. The quality of the waste-derived fuels, which has been higher especially in Germany arid the Netherlands. The bans on landfilling and the shortage of waste treatment capacity, which in the Netherlands, Norway and Denmark have stimulated international trade. Taxes on waste management, which have increased the costs for landfilling in the Netherlands, Finland, Norway and Denmark and the costs of incineration in Norway and Denmark. Gate fee differences, resulting from the above-mentioned driving forces and the management and the market orientation of the plant owners. In comparison with earlier work on import/export of yellow waste, we have identified a larger number of driving forces behind the import. Dijkgraaf et al. (2001) identified the difference in gate fees as the main driving force for the export and import. Nielsen (2003) and Veksebo Miljoradgivning (2003) both concluded that shortage of treatment capacity and the existence of a waste incineration tax were additional driving forces affecting the gate fee differences and thus the import/export. Looking at the different future changes, it is probable that the overall strength of these driving forces will be weakened. The strongest factor for this development is the possible introduction of a tax on waste incineration in Sweden. However, the reformation of the Swedish energy taxation system is also important, since it might decrease the value of the produced heat. In other European countries, it is possible that the ambition to reach the Kyoto targets and increase the renewable electricity production will improve the competitiveness of source-separated waste-derived fuels in comparison with fossil fuels. Additionally, Swedish DHPPs using waste-derived fuels will experience higher costs after the Waste Incineration Directive is fully implemented.
机译：瑞典用于能源回收的黄色废物的进口主要来自丹麦，芬兰，德国，荷兰和挪威。在1999-2002年期间，这些国家的进口额占进口总额的90％以上。我们的结论是，以下推动因素推动了最近对瑞典的进口。能源系统基础设施可通过使用区域供热来实现瑞典的高能量回收。大量使用具有类似废物衍生燃料特性的固体燃料（生物燃料和泥煤）也有助于进口。能源税，增加了废燃料产生的区域供热的价值。瑞典对化石燃料征收的高额税费使固体生物燃料成为区域供热基本负荷生产的主要替代方案。废物衍生燃料的质量更高，尤其是在德国和荷兰。禁止填埋和缺乏废物处理能力的禁令在荷兰，挪威和丹麦刺激了国际贸易。废物管理税增加了荷兰，芬兰，挪威和丹麦的填埋成本，以及挪威和丹麦的焚化成本。由于上述驱动力以及工厂所有者的管理和市场定位而导致的入场费差异。与早先的有关黄废物进出口的工作相比，我们发现了大量的进口推动力。 Dijkgraaf等。 （2001）确定门手续费的差异是进出口的主要驱动力。 Nielsen（2003）和Veksebo Miljoradgivning（2003）都得出结论，处理能力的不足和废物焚烧税的存在是影响入场费差异以及进出口的另外驱动力。展望未来不同的变化，这些驱动力的整体力量可能会减弱。这一发展的最重要因素是可能在瑞典征收垃圾焚烧税。但是，瑞典的能源税制改革也很重要，因为这可能会降低所产生热量的价值。在其他欧洲国家，与化石燃料相比，实现《京都议定书》目标和增加可再生能源发电的雄心有可能提高按源分类的废物衍生燃料的竞争力。此外，在完全实施《废物焚化指令》后，使用源自废物的燃料的瑞典DHPP将会承受更高的成本。

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