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Implications of water policy reforms for virtual water trade between South Africa and its trade partners: economy-wide approach

机译：水政策改革对南非及其贸易伙伴之间虚拟水贸易的影响：全经济方法

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This paper employs an economy-wide framework to evaluate impacts of water and trade policy reforms in South Africa (SA) on virtual water flows. To pursue this analysis, the study derives net virtual water trade flows between SA and its partners to assess implications of recent trade agreements within the South African Development Community compared to economic cooperation with other major trading blocks (e.g. European Union, Asia, and Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC)). Recent trends in actual trade confirm model predictions that liberalization of water allocation would switch water from field crops to horticulture and promote growth in non-agricultural exports. The results suggest that it is necessary to introduce policies that enhance likely outcomes of liberalization promoting higher water use efficiency within irrigation agriculture such as increased adoption of more efficient irrigation methods (sprinkler, drip, etc.) as water becomes more expensive under wider open competition. Moreover, investment in higher water use efficiency and improved competitiveness of dryland agriculture therefore represent the sound economic options for strengthening the capacity to achieve food security objectives as the country strives to lower net water exports. Finally, careful coordination of trade and water policy reforms is another necessary challenge for SA's strive to manage a water stressed economy.
机译：本文采用了整个经济框架来评估南非的水和贸易政策改革对虚拟水流量的影响。为了进行这一分析，研究得出了南非及其合作伙伴之间的净虚拟水贸易流量，以评估与其他主要贸易区（例如欧盟，亚洲和巴西，俄罗斯，印度和中国（金砖四国）。实际贸易中的最新趋势证实了模型预测，即水分配的自由化将使水从田间作物转向园艺，并促进非农业出口的增长。结果表明，有必要引入一些政策，以增强自由化的可能结果，从而提高灌溉农业的用水效率，例如随着在更广泛的公开竞争中水变得更加昂贵，更多地采用更有效的灌溉方法（喷头，滴灌等）。 。此外，随着该国努力降低净水出口，对提高水利用效率和提高旱地农业竞争力的投资是加强实现粮食安全目标能力的良好经济选择。最后，认真协调贸易和水政策改革是南非努力管理缺水经济的另一个必要挑战。

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