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PPP - policies, practices and problems in Ghana's urban water supply

机译：PPP-加纳城市供水中的政策，做法和问题

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Since the beginning of the 1990s, comprehensive reforms of the Ghanaian water sector were initiated by the Bretton Woods Institutions. The Government of Ghana was obliged to restructure the sector by establishing regulatory bodies, opening the sector to private sector participation and separating responsibilities for urban water supply from rural water supply. The parastatal Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) was created to be solely in charge of urban water supply. In spite of external assistance, GWCL continued to suffer from massive financial, managerial and technical problems. The gap between supply and demand increased while demand for potable water in the cities was on the rise and the supply systems were degenerating. In order to introduce greater efficiency, two options for public-private partnerships (PPP) were developed and contested, over a period of 10 years. At first private companies were invited to take over the GWCL by a lease contract. Numerous factors, among them a massive anti-privatisation campaign and global economic trends unfavourable to private investment, particularly in the water sector, caused a comprehensive revision of the policy and the modification of the PPP programme from lease to short-term management contract with an ensuing affermage concession in 2004. This process was to be supported by external donor agencies substantially upgrading the water supply infrastructure. However, it seemed doubtful if the recent policy would lead to a sustainable system of urban water supply and substantial improvements in the supply situation of the poor. Patronage relations were not sufficiently addressed and alternative PPP options based on local potential had not been considered. The case of Ghana raises issues of imposed PPP policies that are not based on adequate information about local, national and international framework conditions.
机译：自1990年代初以来，布雷顿森林机构对加纳的水行业进行了全面改革。加纳政府必须通过建立监管机构，使该部门向私营部门开放以及将城市供水责任与农村供水责任分开来重组该部门。准国家加纳自来水有限公司（GWCL）的成立完全负责城市供水。尽管有外部援助，但GWCL仍然遭受着巨大的财务，管理和技术问题。在城市对饮用水的需求在增加并且供水系统正在退化的同时，供需之间的差距不断扩大。为了提高效率，在10年的时间里，为公私伙伴关系（PPP）制定了两种方案并进行了辩论。起初，私人公司受租赁合同邀请接管GWCL。许多因素，包括大规模的反私有化运动和不利于私人投资的全球经济趋势，特别是在水务领域，导致了政策的全面修订以及PPP计划从租赁到短期管理合同的修改，其中包括随后在2004年进行了批注特许经营。这一过程将得到外部捐助机构的支持，从而大大改善供水基础设施。但是，最近的政策是否会导致城市供水系统的可持续发展以及穷人的供水状况的实质性改善，似乎令人怀疑。赞助关系没有得到充分解决，也没有考虑基于当地潜力的替代性PPP选择。加纳案提出了强加的PPP政策问题，这些政策并非基于有关地方，国家和国际框架条件的充分信息。

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