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首页> 外文期刊>Water Research >Quantification of pathogens and markers of fecal contamination during storm events along popular surfing beaches in San Diego, California
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Quantification of pathogens and markers of fecal contamination during storm events along popular surfing beaches in San Diego, California

机译：加利福尼亚圣地亚哥流行冲浪海滩上暴风雨期间的病原体和粪便污染标志物的定量

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Along southern California beaches, the concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) used to quantify the potential presence of fecal contamination in coastal recreational waters have been previously documented to be higher during wet weather conditions (typically winter or spring) than those observed during summer dry weather conditions. FIB are used for management of recreational waters because measurement of the bacterial and viral pathogens that are the potential causes of illness in beachgoers exposed to stormwater can be expensive, time-consuming, and technically difficult. Here, we use droplet digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (digital PCR) and digital reverse transcriptase PCR (digital RT-PCR) assays for direct quantification of pathogenic viruses, pathogenic bacteria, and source-specific markers of fecal contamination in the stormwater discharges. We applied these assays across multiple storm events from two different watersheds that discharge to popular surfing beaches in San Diego, CA. Stormwater discharges had higher FIB concentrations as compared to proximal beaches, often by ten-fold or more during wet weather. Multiple lines of evidence indicated that the stormwater discharges contained human fecal contamination, despite the presence of separate storm sewer and sanitary sewer systems in both watersheds. Human fecal source markers (up to 100% of samples, 20-12440 HF183 copies per 100 ml) and human norovirus (up to 96% of samples, 25-495 NoV copies per 100 ml) were routinely detected in stormwater discharge samples. Potential bacterial pathogens were also detected and quantified: Campylobacter spp. (up to 100% of samples, 16-504 gene copies per 100 ml) and Salmonella (up to 25% of samples, 6-86 gene copies per 100 ml). Other viral human pathogens were also measured, but occurred at generally lower concentrations: adenovirus (detected in up to 22% of samples, 14-41 AdV copies per 100 ml); no enterovirus was detected in any stormwater discharge sample. Higher concentrations of avian source markers were noted in the stormwater discharge located immediately downstream of a large bird sanctuary along with increased Campylobacter concentrations and notably different Campylobacter species composition than the watershed that had no bird sanctuary. This study is one of the few to directly measure an array of important bacterial and viral pathogens in stormwater discharges to recreational beaches, and provides context for stormwater-based management of beaches during high risk wet-weather periods. Furthermore, the combination of culture-based and digital PCR-derived data is demonstrated to be valuable for assessing hydrographic relationships, considering delivery mechanisms, and providing foundational exposure information for risk assessment. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：在加利福尼亚南部的海滩上，以前有文献报道，用于量化沿海娱乐水域潜在粪便污染的粪便指示菌（FIB）的浓度在潮湿天气条件下（通常是冬季或春季）要比夏季干燥时更高。天气状况。 FIB用于休闲水的管理，因为对暴露于雨水的泳客造成潜在疾病的细菌和病毒病原体进行测量可能既昂贵，费时又在技术上很困难。在这里，我们使用液滴数字聚合酶链反应（数字PCR）和数字逆转录酶PCR（数字RT-PCR）测定法直接定量分析病原病毒，病原细菌以及雨水排放中粪便污染的特定源标记。我们对来自两个不同流域的多个风暴事件应用了这些检测方法，这些流域排放到加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥的流行冲浪海滩。与近海海滩相比，雨水排放的FIB浓度更高，在潮湿天气时通常高出十倍甚至更多。多方面的证据表明，尽管两个流域都存在单独的雨水管道和下水道系统，但雨水排放物还是对人类粪便造成污染。常规地在雨水排放样品中检测到人类粪便源标记（高达100％的样品，每100毫升20-12440 HF183拷贝）和人类诺如病毒（高达96％的样品，每100毫升25-495 NoV拷贝）。还检测和定量了潜在的细菌病原体：弯曲杆菌属。 （最多100％的样品，每100 ml 16-504个基因拷贝）和沙门氏菌（最多25％的样品，每100 ml 6-86个基因拷贝）。还测量了其他病毒性人类病原体，但通常以较低的浓度发生：腺病毒（在多达22％的样品中检测到，每100 ml 14-41 AdV拷贝）；在任何雨水排放样品中均未检测到肠病毒。与没有鸟类保护区的流域相比，位于大型鸟类保护区下游的雨水排放中发现了较高的禽源标记物浓度，同时弯曲杆菌浓度增加，弯曲杆菌物种组成明显不同。这项研究是为数不多的能够直接测量休闲海滩雨水排放中一系列重要细菌和病毒病原体的研究，并为在高风险的潮湿天气期间基于雨水的海滩管理提供了背景。此外，基于文化的数据和基于数字PCR的数据的组合被证明对于评估水文关系，考虑输送机制并为风险评估提供基础的暴露信息是有价值的。 （C）2018 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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