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Impacts of Combined Technical and Economic Measures on Water Saving in Agriculture under Water Availability Uncertainty

机译：水资源不确定性条件下技术经济综合措施对农业节水的影响

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In Emilia Romagna region (northern Italy), the Water Protection Plan (WPP) - a tool designed to reach the objectives of the Water Framework Directive - established different measures to achieve a good quantitative status of water bodies. The objective of this study is to evaluate the combined economic, agronomic and environmental impacts of four measures of the WPP on the "Renana" reclamation and irrigation scheme, and to quantify the water conservation in agriculture under the uncertainty of water availability. To this purpose, a mathematical stochastic model able to represent uncertainty in water availability was designed and implemented. Some data were collected from farms, and local sources were used as well to test the model. Each analyzed measure was simulated in a single scenario, and subsequently combined with other measures. The performed simulations are the following: application of volumetric water pricing (Scenario WFD1), awarding incentives for farmers to improve on-farm irrigation efficiency (Scenario WFD2a), combination of WFD1 and WFD2a (Scenario WFD2b), reduction of water abstraction in case of water shortage (Scenario WFD3a), combination of WFD1 and WFD3a (Scenario WFD3b), increasing distribution efficiency in the channel system (Scenario WFD4a) and combination of WFD1 and WFD4a (Scenario WFD4b). Results have shown that scenarios WFD2a and WFD4a generate a higher income for farmers and produce a positive ecological impact (water use and soil cover) but tend to increase total water use. Scenarios WFD1 and WFD3a have the opposite effects since they reduce farmers' income but decrease water use as well. Only WFD1 could be favorable for the Board governing the scheme (RIB) in terms of economic returns. Finally, results have shown that combined scenarios WFD2b and WFD4b, respectively, could modify the trade- off between economic and environmental objectives and could be more effective since they significantly reduce water consumption and minimize losses in farmers' income.
机译：在意大利北部的艾米利亚-罗马涅地区，旨在实现《水框架指令》目标的工具“水保护计划”（WPP）制定了各种措施，以实现水体良好的定量状态。这项研究的目的是评估WPP的四项措施对“ Renana”开垦和灌溉计划的经济，农业和环境方面的综合影响，并在水供应不确定的情况下量化农业节水量。为了这个目的，设计并实现了一个能够表示水供应不确定性的数学随机模型。从农场收集了一些数据，并使用了本地资源来测试模型。在单个方案中模拟了每个分析的度量，然后与其他度量结合。进行的模拟如下：应用容积水价（方案WFD1），奖励农民提高农场灌溉效率（方案WFD2a），组合WFD1和WFD2a（方案WFD2b），在发生以下情况时减少取水量水资源短缺（方案WFD3a），WFD1和WFD3a的组合（方案WFD3b），提高渠道系统的分配效率（方案WFD4a）以及WFD1和WFD4a的组合（方案WFD4b）。结果表明，情景WFD2a和WFD4a为农民带来了更高的收入，并产生了积极的生态影响（用水和土壤覆盖），但往往会增加总用水量。方案WFD1和WFD3a具有相反的效果，因为它们减少了农民的收入，但同时也减少了用水。就经济回报而言，只有WFD1才有利于该计划的董事会（RIB）。最后，结果表明，组合方案WFD2b和WFD4b可以修改经济目标与环境目标之间的权衡，并且由于它们显着减少了用水量并最大程度地减少了农民的收入损失，因此可能更有效。

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