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Spatial Correlation of Contact Angle and Curvature in Pore-Space Images

机译：孔隙空间图像中接触角和曲率的空间相关性

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We study the in situ distributions of contact angle and oil/brine interface curvature measured within millimeter-sized rock samples from a producing hydrocarbon carbonate reservoir imaged after waterflooding using X-ray microtomography. We analyze their spatial correlation combining automated methods for measuring contact angles and interfacial curvature (AlRatrout et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.07.018), with a recently developed method for pore-network extraction (Raeini et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.96.013312). The automated methods allow us to study image volumes of diameter approximately 1.9 mm and 1.2 mm long, obtaining hundreds of thousands of values from a data set with 435 million voxels. We calculate the capillary pressure based on the mode oil/brine interface curvature value and associate this value with a nearby throat in the pore space. We demonstrate the capability of our methods to distinguish different wettability states in the samples studied: water-wet, weakly oil-wet, and mixed-wet. The contact angle and oil/brine interface curvature are spatially correlated over approximately the scale of an average pore. There is a wide distribution of contact angles within a single pore. A range of local oil/brine interface curvature is found with both positive and negative values. There is a correlation between interfacial curvature and contact angle in trapped ganglia, with ganglia in water-wet patches tending to have a positive curvature and oil-wet regions seeing negative curvature. We observed a weak correlation between average contact angle and pore size, with the larger pores tending to be more oil-wet.Plain Language Summary This research article concerns the pore-scale characterization of wettability. A novel method has been developed to automatically extract contact angles and fluid/fluid interface curvature from pore-space images (AlRatrout et al., 2017). The method has been successfully tested on benchmark synthetic images for which the contact angle and curvature are known analytically and has been applied to a real rock data set. Both a water-wet and a mixed-wet rock have been analyzed. Further, the method has been utilized to study the spatial correlation of the in situ measured distributions of contact angles and oil/brine interface curvatures within the reservoir rock samples at subsurface conditions used in Alhammadi et al. (2017, ). We relate the measurements of contact angle and interfacial curvature (capillary pressure) to individual trapped ganglia of oil and to the pore sizes extracted by a generalized pore-network modeling approach (Raeini et al., 2017). Our findings and analysis could potentially have implications for pore-scale modeling of multiphase flow, in which methods using local curvature measurements could be directly used to calculate capillary pressures for displacement.
机译：我们研究了在X射线显微断层照相术注水后成像的生产碳氢化合物储层的毫米大小的岩石样品中测量的接触角和油/盐水界面曲率的原位分布。我们结合用于测量接触角和界面曲率的自动化方法（AlRatrout等人，2017，https：//doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.07.018），结合最近开发的孔隙分析方法，分析了它们的空间相关性网络提取（Raeini et al。，2017，https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.96.013312）。自动化方法使我们能够研究直径约1.9 mm和长1.2 mm的图像体积，并从具有4.35亿个体素的数据集中获得数十万个值。我们根据模式油/盐水界面曲率值计算毛细压力，并将该值与孔隙空间中的附近喉咙关联。我们证明了我们的方法能够区分所研究样品中不同的润湿状态：水润湿，弱油润湿和混合润湿。接触角和油/盐水界面曲率在大约平均孔径范围内在空间上相关。单个孔内的接触角分布广泛。发现具有正值和负值的局部油/盐水界面曲率范围。截留的神经节中的界面曲率与接触角之间存在相关性，水湿斑中的神经节倾向于具有正曲率，而油湿区的神经节则具有负曲率。我们观察到平均接触角和孔径之间的相关性较弱，较大的孔倾向于更油润湿。普通语言摘要本文研究的是润湿性的孔尺度表征。已开发出一种新颖的方法来自动从孔隙空间图像中提取接触角和流体/流体界面曲率（AlRatrout等人，2017）。该方法已经在基准合成图像上成功进行了测试，对于该合成图像，其接触角和曲率在解析上是已知的，并且已应用于实际岩石数据集。对水湿岩石和混合湿岩石都进行了分析。此外，该方法已被用于研究Alhammadi等人在地下条件下在储层岩石样品中原位测得的接触角和油/盐水界面曲率分布的空间相关性。 （2017，）。我们将接触角和界面曲率（毛细压力）的测量结果与单个油层中的神经节联系起来，并与通过广义孔网建模方法（Raeini et al。，2017）提取的孔径相关。我们的发现和分析可能会对多相流的孔尺度建模产生影响，在该模型中，使用局部曲率测量的方法可以直接用于计算位移的毛细管压力。

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