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Rainfall intensity effects on crusting and mode of seedling emergence in some quartz-dominated South African soils

机译：降雨强度对某些石英为主的南非土壤结皮和幼苗出苗方式的影响

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Predicted changes in rainfall intensity due to climate change are likely to influence key soil health parameters, especially structural attributes and crop growth. Variations in rainfall intensity will impact crop production negatively. It is therefore imperative to investigate the interaction between predicted increases in rainfall intensity and key soil health parameters, particularly in relation to soil structural attributes and plant growth. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of rainfall intensity on soil crust formation and mode of seedling emergence in soils dominated by primary minerals. Soil samples were collected from the top 200 mm, air dried and then packed uniformly into plastic pots, which were perforated at the bottom. Three maize seeds of equal size were planted in a triangular pattern in each pot at a depth of 30 mm, after which the pots were pre-wetted by capillary. The samples were then subjected to simulated rainfall at 3 intensities, i.e., 30, 45 and 60 mm/h, for 5 min. Rainfall intensity significantly (P < 0.05) affected crust strength and mean emergence day (MED), but not emergence percentage (EMP) and shoot length (P > 0.05). The 60 mm/h rainfall intensity resulted in the highest crust strength and MED. The strength of crust for all three rainfall intensities was influenced by quartz content, soil organic matter, clay and hematite. Most seedlings emerged through cracks, which resulted in rainfall intensity having no significant effects on seedling EMP and shoot length. We concluded that any increase in rainfall intensity is likely to increase the severity of crusting in these soils. However, soils with extensive cracking are likely to have higher EMP and lower MED and more vigorous seedlings despite the strength of the crust. As a result, post-planting tillage methods that enhance crust cracking may be employed to enhance seedling emergence and growth in these soils.
机译：气候变化导致的降雨强度的预测变化可能会影响关键的土壤健康参数，尤其是结构属性和作物生长。降雨强度的变化将对作物生产产生负面影响。因此，有必要研究降雨强度的预测增加与关键土壤健康参数之间的相互作用，特别是与土壤结构属性和植物生长有关的相互作用。这项研究的目的是确定降雨强度对以主要矿物为主的土壤中结皮的形成和幼苗出苗方式的影响。从顶部200毫米处收集土壤样品，风干，然后均匀地装入塑料罐中，该塑料罐在底部穿孔。在每个盆中以30mm的深度以三角形方式种植三颗大小相等的玉米种子，然后用毛细管对盆进行预湿。然后将样品以3种强度（即30、45和60 mm / h）进行5分钟的模拟降雨。降雨强度（P <0.05）显着影响结壳强度和平均出苗日（MED），但不影响出苗率（EMP）和枝条长（P> 0.05）。 60 mm / h的降雨强度导致最高的地壳强度和MED。三种降雨强度的地壳强度均受石英含量，土壤有机质，粘土和赤铁矿的影响。大多数幼苗通过裂缝出现，这导致降雨强度对幼苗的EMP和芽长没有显着影响。我们得出的结论是，降雨强度的任何增加都可能会增加这些土壤中结皮的严重性。然而，尽管有结壳的强度，但具有大裂痕的土壤可能具有较高的EMP和较低的MED，并且幼苗更有活力。结果，可以采用增强结壳破裂的种植后耕作方法来增强这些土壤中的幼苗出苗和生长。

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