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Risk-based planning for water recycling in an Australian context

机译：澳大利亚背景下基于风险的水回收计划

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Australia has seen an unprecedented proliferation in large scale water recycling schemes since the late 1990s. This has been driven by a recent decade of drought, policies to encourage water efficiency in new homes and buildings in urban areas, and to reduce pressure on rain-fed water supplies by replacement with alternate water sources in rural areas. Underpinning these drivers are principles of economic and environmental sustainability and protection of public health. National guidelines for recycling of treated sewage, released in 2006, replaced an approach using prescriptive end point water quality targets, with a 12-step risk-based framework for the planning and operation of Australian water recycling schemes. Essential to this risk-based approach is an understanding of the sewage treatment system and assessing the risks in the catchment, the treatment process, distribution system and end use environment. Inherent also in this process is the identification of critical control points with tangible operational targets for pre-empting, preventing and correcting off-spec conditions before they derail a scheme. Validation of systems through microbial log reduction targets for indicator viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths, differentiated according to end use and expected exposures, may be obtained through treatment, site controls or a combination of both. Drawing on case studies from the Australian states of New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland (Qld), this paper gives insight to preventative risk management of water recycling schemes with typical risk profiles. Some advantages and disadvantages of the guideline approach are considered. The information paints a picture of the industry's risk management obligations in the planning phase and may be of use to practitioners in other regions where planning for safe and sustainable water recycling is developing.
机译：自1990年代后期以来，澳大利亚的大规模水循环利用计划出现了前所未有的扩散。这是由于最近十年的干旱，鼓励城市地区新房和新建筑物的用水效率以及通过在农村地区替代水源来减轻雨水供应的压力而采取的政策。这些驱动因素的基础是经济和环境可持续性以及保护公共健康的原则。 2006年发布的国家回收处理后污水的准则，取代了使用规定性终点水质指标的方法，并采用了基于风险的12步框架来规划和实施澳大利亚的水回收计划。对于这种基于风险的方法，至关重要的是要了解污水处理系统并评估集水区，处理过程，分配系统和最终使用环境中的风险。在此过程中还固有的是，确定具有实际操作目标的关键控制点，以便在方案出轨之前先占，预防和纠正不合格条件。通过针对最终用途和预期暴露量进行区分的指示剂病毒，细菌，原生动物和蠕虫的微生物日志减少目标，可以通过处理，现场控制或两者结合来验证系统。借鉴澳大利亚新南威尔士州（NSW）和昆士兰州（Qld）的案例研究，本文提供了对具有典型风险特征的水回收计划的预防性风险管理的见解。考虑了指南方法的一些优点和缺点。该信息描绘了该行业在计划阶段的风险管理义务，并且可能对正在制定安全和可持续水循环利用计划的其他地区的从业人员有用。

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