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Timing and Measurement of Weed Seed Shed in Corn (Zea mays)

机译：玉米杂草种子流失的时间测定

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In west central Minnesota the extent and duration of weed seed shed was measured for two years in corn that received cultivation but no herbicides. Percentage of seed production represented by viable (filled) seeds was about 79% for green foxtail, 68% for wild mustard, 49% for Pennsylvania smartweed, 48% for common lambsquarters, and 35% for redroot pigweed. Percentage viable seeds varied from 11 % in 1993 to 59% in 1994 for redroot pigweed, but was more stable for other species. Seed shed commenced in late August in a cool year (1993) and early August in a warm year (1994). Average growing degree days (base 10 C) from corn planting until 25% seed shed was 983 for common lambsquarters, 984 for wild mustard, 1004 for Pennsylvania smartweed, and 1034 for both green foxtail and redroot pigweed. Brief weather events, such as wind storms, dispersed large percentages of total seed production within a single day. More than one-fifth of all viable seeds of green foxtail, redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters were retained by the seedheads and dispersed by combines at harvest. In contrast, seeds of early-maturing species, such as wild mustard, were completely dispersed before corn harvest in the warmer year, but one-third of seeds were retained by seedheads at harvest in the cooler year. Measurement of seed shed was compared using five seed trap designs. The preferred design consisted of a 10-cm-diam plastic cup, whose bottom was replaced by a brass screen, and the entire unit attached to a small wooden stake for support. This design provided, on average, the highest estimates of seed production, least among-replication variability, highest correlation with weed population density and aboveground dry-weight, lowest assembly cost, and greatest ease for sample access and seed processing.
机译：在明尼苏达州中西部的西部地区，在接受耕种但未使用除草剂的玉米中测量了两年杂草种子脱落的程度和持续时间。以活的（饱满的）种子为代表的种子产量百分比为：绿色狐尾草约占79％，野生芥末占68％，宾夕法尼亚州杂草占49％，普通羊羔占48％，红根杂草占35％。可行种子的百分比从1993年的11％到1994年的红根杂草的59％不等，但对其他物种而言更稳定。在凉爽的一年（1993年）的八月下旬和温暖的一年（1994年）的八月初开始了种子的脱落。从玉米播种到25％的种子脱落，平均生长度天数（以10 C为基础）为普通羔羊为983天，野生芥菜为984天，宾夕法尼亚州杂草为1004天，绿色狐尾和赤根杂草为1034天。短暂的天气事件（例如暴风雨）在一天之内分散了种子总产量的很大一部分。绿狐尾，红根杂草和普通羊羔的所有可行种子中，超过五分之一被种子头保留，并在收获时通过联合收割机散布。相反，在温暖的一年中，早熟品种（例如野芥菜）的种子在玉米收获前已完全散开，而在凉爽的季节收获时，三分之一的种子被种子头保留了下来。使用五种种子收集器设计比较了种子脱落的测量。首选设计包括直径为10厘米的塑料杯，其底部由黄铜筛网代替，整个装置连接到一个小的木桩上进行支撑。平均而言，该设计提供了最高的种子产量估计值，最小的复制变异性，与杂草种群密度和地上干重的最高相关性，最低的组装成本以及最大的样品获取和种子加工难度。

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