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Reading the landscape: temporal and spatial changes in a patterned peatland

机译：阅读景观：泥炭地格局的时空变化

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The Everglades of south Florida is a patterned peatland that has undergone major hydrologic modification over the last century, including both drainage and impoundment. The Everglades ridge and slough patterns were originally characterized by regularly spaced elevated ridges and tree islands oriented parallel to water flow through interconnected sloughs. Many areas of the remaining Everglades have lost this patterning over time. Historical aerial photography for the years 1940, 1953, 1972, 1984, and 2004 provides source data to measure these changes over six decades. Maps were created by digitizing the ridges, tree islands, and sloughs in fifteen 24 km2 study plots located in the remaining Everglades, and metrics were developed to quantify the extent and types of changes in the patterns. Pattern metrics of length/width ratios, number of ridges, and perimeter/area ratios were used to define the details and trajectories of pattern changes in the study plots from 1940 through 2004. These metrics characterized elongation, smoothness, and abundance of ridges and tree islands. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis was used to categorize these 75 maps (15 plots by 5 years) into five categories based on a suite of metrics of pattern quality. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling, an ordination technique, confirmed that these categories were distinct with the primary axis distinguished primarily by the abundance of elongated ridges in each study plot. Strong patterns like those described historically were characterized by numerous, long ridges while degraded patterns contained few large, irregularly shaped patches. Pattern degradation usually occurred with ridges fusing into fewer, less linear patches of emergent vegetation. Patterning improved in some plots, probably through wetter conditions facilitating expression of the underlying microtopography. Trajectories showing responses of individual study plots over the six decades indicated that ridge and slough patterns can degrade or improve over time scales of a decade or less. Changes in ridge and slough patterns indicate that (1) patterns can be lost quickly following severe peat dryout, yet (2) patterns appear resilient at least over multi-decadal time periods; (3) patterns can be maintained and possibly strengthened with deeper water depths, and (4) the sub-decadal response time of pattern changes visible in aerial imagery is highly useful for change detection within the landscape. This analysis suggests that restoration of some aspects of these unique peatland patterns may be possible within relatively short planning time frames. Use of aerial photography in future Everglades restoration efforts can facilitate restoration and adaptive management by documenting sub-decadal pattern changes in response to altered hydrology and water management.
机译：佛罗里达州南部的大沼泽地是一个有图案的泥炭地，在上个世纪经历了重大的水文改造，包括排水和蓄水。大沼泽地的山脊和低谷模式最初的特征是规则间隔的高架山脊和树木岛，它们的方向平行于通过相互连接的低谷的水流。随着时间的流逝，其余大沼泽地的许多地区都失去了这种格局。 1940年，1953年，1972年，1984年和2004年的历史航空摄影提供了可测量六十年中这些变化的源数据。通过对位于其余大沼泽地的15个24 km 2 研究区中的山脊，树岛和泥沼进行数字化处理来创建地图，并制定度量标准以量化模式变化的程度和类型。使用长度/宽度比，山脊数量以及周长/面积比的图案量度来定义研究区域从1940年到2004年的图案变化的细节和轨迹。这些量度表征了山脊和树木的伸长率，平滑度和丰度岛屿。基于一组模式质量指标，使用层次聚集聚类分析将这75张地图（按5年划分15张地块）分为五个类别。非度量多维比例缩放（一种排序技术）证实，这些类别是明显不同的，主轴主要由每个研究图中的细长脊的数量来区分。像历史上描述的那样，强模式的特征是有许多长长的山脊，而退化的模式则很少包含大的不规则形状的斑块。格局退化通常发生在山脊融合成较少，线性程度较小的新兴植被的过程中。在某些地块中，可能通过湿润的条件促进了底层微形貌的表达，图案有所改善。轨迹显示了六十年来各个研究地块的响应，表明山脊和泥沼模式可以在十年或更短的时间范围内退化或改善。脊和泥patterns模式的变化表明（1）模式在严重的泥炭干dry后可能很快消失，但（2）模式至少在数十年的时间周期内表现出弹性； （3）可以通过更深的水深来维持并可能增强图案，并且（4）航空影像中可见的图案变化的年代际响应时间对于景观内的变化检测非常有用。该分析表明，在相对较短的规划时间内，可能有可能恢复这些独特的泥炭地格局的某些方面。在未来的大沼泽地恢复工作中使用航空摄影技术可以通过记录下年代际格局变化来响应水文和水管理变化，从而促进恢复和适应性管理。

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