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The effect of shadows on performing stereovisual pointing tasks: Is shadow-free opensurgery ideal?

机译：阴影对执行立体指点任务的影响：无阴影的手术是否理想？

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Abstract—Surgical overhead luminaires and head-mounted luminairesnare important tools for surgeons. The optical design of these luminairesnfocuses on providing shadow free light. Shadows, however, arenreported as important cues for depth perception in mono- and stereo-nvisual situations. Because surgeons repeatedly touch delicate tissuenwith their instruments, their depth-perception should not be hampered.nTwo experiments were performed to evaluate the influence of shadownon human performance when executing stereo-visual pointing tasks.nExperiment 1 studied the effect of the existence of shadows andnExperiment 2 studied the effect of the direction of shadows. Subjectsnwere instructed to point random sequences of virtual targets accuratelynunder different shadow situations. Performance was characterizednwith spatial error E (distance to target, mm). Experiment 1 showed thatnboth large and small high-contrast shadows gave significantly smallernspatial error E (4.8, 4.6 mm, respectively) than either low-contrastnshadows (5.6 mm) or no shadows (6.3 mm). Experiment 2 showed thatnthe Error varied (2.1 to 3.2 mm) for different illumination directions. ThenError decreased with an increasing angle between the line-of-sight andnline-of-light. Illuminating from the center or from the left side of thenobserver gave better results then from the right side. To maximizendepth-perception, surgical luminaires should provide a clear shadownfrom a light source that illuminates from within the vertical planenthrough the line-of-sight, and with a 90° angle with respect to the line-nof-sight.
机译：摘要—外科头顶照明设备和头戴式照明设备是外科医师的重要工具。这些照明器的光学设计着眼于提供无阴影的光。但是，阴影并没有被报告为在单视觉和立体视觉环境中进行深度感知的重要线索。由于外科医生用他们的器械反复触摸细小的组织，因此不应妨碍其深度感知。n进行了两个实验，以评估执行立体视觉指示任务时阴影对人体性能的影响。n实验1研究了阴影存在的影响，n实验2研究了阴影方向的影响。指示对象在不同阴影情况下准确指向虚拟目标的随机序列。用空间误差E（到目标的距离，mm）来表征性能。实验1表明，大和小的高对比度阴影都比低对比度阴影（5.6 mm）或无阴影（6.3 mm）显着减小了空间误差E（分别为4.8、4.6 mm）。实验2表明，对于不同的照明方向，误差变化范围在2.1到3.2 mm之间。然后，视线与光线之间的夹角越大，误差就越小。从观察者的中心或左侧照亮比从右侧照亮更好的结果。为了最大程度地提高深度感知能力，外科照明设备应从光源提供清晰的阴影，该阴影从垂直平面内通过视线照亮，并且与视线成90°角。

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