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首页> 外文期刊>The World Economy >Competitive pressure, innovation and trade protection: Evidence from US patent data
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Competitive pressure, innovation and trade protection: Evidence from US patent data

机译：竞争压力，创新和贸易保护：来自美国专利数据的证据

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Recent theoretical models have suggested that the relationship between competition and innovation may best be characterised as an inverted-U shape: firms in industries with low levels of competition are more likely to innovate in the wake of increased competition as they attempt to escape competition, while those in highly competitive industries will decrease innovation in the wake of increased competition as the profit incentive to innovate dissipates. Results from other studies have found positive as well as negative relationships between innovation and competition. In a parallel literature, trade economists have produced conflicting results regarding the impact of trade liberalisation on innovation. One stream of research has shown that increased access to imported intermediate goods increases productivity, suggesting a positive relationship between imports and innovation. Others have hypothesised that firms may use the technology embodied in intermediate inputs as a substitute for domestic innovation. In this paper, we merge these divergent literatures and investigate whether innovation, as measured by the production of patents by US manufacturers, has been impacted by market competition and tariff reductions. Our empirical findings indicate that insulation from imports in the form of higher tariffs on final goods was associated with innovation until the late 1980s, while falling tariffs on intermediate goods appear to have facilitated innovation during the 1990s. We also find evidence of the inverted U-shaped relationship between market competition and innovation.
机译：最近的理论模型表明，竞争与创新之间的关系可能最好被称为倒置 - U形状：竞争水平低，竞争水平低的企业在竞争增加时更有可能创新，而他们试图逃避竞争，同时竞争激烈的竞争急剧下降的人将减少创新，因为创新消散的利润激励。其他研究的结果已经发现了积极的创新与竞争之间的负面关系。在一个平行的文学中，贸易经济学家对贸易自由化对创新的影响产生了相互冲突的结果。一流的研究表明，增加进口中间货物的获得增加了生产率，提出了进口和创新之间的积极关系。其他人已经假设公司可以使用中间投入中体现的技术作为国内创新的替代品。在本文中，我们合并了这些不同的文献，并调查了美国制造商生产专利所衡量的创新，这一直受到市场竞争和关税减少的影响。我们的经验研究结果表明，在最终商品上的更高关税形式的进口绝缘与创新有关，直到20世纪80年代后期，而在20世纪90年代似乎在中间货物上的关税普遍促进了创新。我们还发现了市场竞争与创新之间倒置的U形关系的证据。

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