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首页> 外文期刊>The World Economy >Revealed Comparative Advantage and Competitiveness in Hungarian Agri-Food Sectors
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Revealed Comparative Advantage and Competitiveness in Hungarian Agri-Food Sectors

机译：匈牙利农业食品部门的比较优势和竞争能力

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摘要

We have presented an analysis of the competitiveness of Hungary's agri-food products in relation to that of the EU, based on four indices of revealed comparative advantage, computed for the period 1992 to 1998. Consistency tests and the role of government intervention suggest that any results need to be interpreted with care. The indices are less satisfactory as cardinal measures, but are useful in identifying whether or not Hungary has a comparative advantage in a particular product group. All four indices indicate that Hungary has revealed comparative advantages for eleven of the 22 aggregated product groups: live animals; meat; cereals; vegetables and fruit; sugar; beverages; oilseeds; cork and wood; and animal and vegetable materials, oils and fats. These results complement recent studies which, using price- and cost-based methods, have found that arable production is internationally competitive. Our findings suggest that, in addition, Hungary has a comparative advantage for animal and meat products. Despite significant changes in Hungarian agriculture and food processing, and in the wider internal and external economic environments during transition, the RCA indices interpreted as binary measures have remained fairly stable. Nevertheless, there is evidence of a weakening of the level of comparative advantage as revealed in the original Balassa index. Since our calculations are based on observed trade data, attention has been drawn to the possible influence of government-induced distortions in the functioning of international markets. Whilst this is an issue that has been extensively researched, the impact on RCA indices is not clear. Measurement of government intervention shows that support for agriculture in Hungary is biased towards livestock products, but levels of support are lower than in the EU, the comparator in our analysis. It has also been noted that government intervention and competitiveness tend to be inversely related, suggesting that those product groups revealing a comparative advantage could become even more competitive if markets were to become less distorted. As to the future, Hungary's markets are unlikely to become less distorted with membership of the EU, at least in the medium term. Gorton and Davidova (2001) note that agriculture in the CEECs is likely to become more competitive with adoption of EU output and input prices. However, the outcome in Hungary would appear more mixed, with higher output prices offset in some instances by higher tradable input prices. Much will depend on the political decision regarding the direct income payments made to farmers under the CAP. These are not entirely independent of production, and their extension to the new EU members could well act as a spur to exports. In the meantime, RCA indices, despite their limitations, provide a useful guide to underlying comparative advantage and offer a further insight into the competitiveness of Hungarian agri-food sectors and the implications for trade when membership of the EU becomes a reality.
机译：我们根据在1992年至1998年期间计算出的四个具有显着比较优势的指标，对匈牙利的农产品相对于欧盟的竞争力进行了分析。一致性测试和政府干预的作用表明，结果需要谨慎解释。该指数作为主要指标并不令人满意，但有助于确定匈牙利在特定产品类别中是否具有比较优势。所有这四个指数表明，匈牙利在22种合计产品类别中有11种显示出比较优势：活物；肉;谷物;蔬菜和水果；糖;饮料;油籽;软木和木材；以及动植物原料，油脂。这些结果补充了最近的研究，这些研究使用基于价格和成本的方法，发现耕地生产具有国际竞争力。我们的发现表明，匈牙利在动物和肉类产品方面具有比较优势。尽管在过渡期间匈牙利的农业和食品加工发生了重大变化，并且在更广泛的内部和外部经济环境中，RCA指数仍被认为是二元度量标准，仍然相当稳定。然而，有证据表明，原始巴拉萨指数显示了比较优势水平的减弱。由于我们的计算是基于观察到的贸易数据，因此已经引起了人们对政府诱发的扭曲对国际市场运作的可能影响的关注。尽管这是一个已被广泛研究的问题，但对RCA指数的影响尚不清楚。对政府干预措施的衡量表明，匈牙利对农业的支持偏向于畜产品，但支持水平低于我们分析中的比较者欧盟。还已经注意到，政府干预和竞争力往往呈反比关系，这表明如果市场要减少扭曲，那些具有比较优势的产品类别可能会变得更具竞争力。至于未来，至少在中期，匈牙利的市场不太可能因加入欧盟而受到较小的扭曲。 Gorton和Davidova（2001）指出，通过采用欧盟的产出和投入价格，CEEC中的农业可能会变得更具竞争力。但是，匈牙利的结果似乎更加复杂，在某些情况下，较高的产出价格被可交易的投入价格抵消。在很大程度上取决于有关根据CAP支付给农民的直接收入的政治决定。这些并非完全独立于生产，它们向新的欧盟成员国的延伸很可能会刺激出口。同时，RCA指数尽管有其局限性，但仍可为潜在的比较优势提供有用的指导，并进一步了解匈牙利农业食品部门的竞争力以及当欧盟成为现实时对贸易的影响。

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