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Productivity and efficiency analysis in presence of pollution: a review of non-parametric methods

机译：有污染时的生产率和效率分析：非参数方法综述

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摘要

During the past 20 years, a rising interest in environmental protection and in the sustainability of production processes has stimulated scientific research to create indicators of efficiency and productivity that is able to consider undesirable outputs. The number of papers written is impressive, as well as the number of proposed techniques. The researchers and practitioners face great difficulties in piecing together contributions from different fields. This review is aimed at drawing a detailed 'state of the art' of non-parametric methods used to measure environmental and economical efficiency, showing the main features of each tool. Many recent papers are analysed and classified on the basis of some simple categories, to advise the readers in the most appropriate methodological choice. Moreover, one of the most frequently applied tools in recent empirical works, the directional distance function model (DDF) is discussed at length and an exhaustive collection of papers adopting DDF is proposed as a conclusive remark. Finally, a general overview of the main advantages and limits for each method systematises previous findings and concludes this survey.
机译：在过去的20年中，人们对环境保护和生产过程的可持续性的兴趣日益浓厚，这刺激了科学研究，以创建能够考虑不良产出的效率和生产率指标。撰写的论文数量令人印象深刻，以及拟议的技术数量也令人印象深刻。研究人员和从业人员在汇集不同领域的贡献时面临巨大的困难。这篇综述旨在绘制用于测量环境和经济效率的非参数方法的详细“最新技术”，以展示每种工具的主要特征。最近的许多论文都是根据一些简单的类别进行分析和分类的，以为读者提供最合适的方法选择建议。此外，作为最近的经验工作中最常使用的工具之一，对方向距离函数模型（DDF）进行了详尽的讨论，并提出了采用DDF的详尽论文集作为结论。最后，对每种方法的主要优点和局限性进行了概述，系统地总结了先前的发现并总结了本次调查。

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