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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles as a source of distributed frequency regulation.

机译：插电式混合动力汽车作为分布式频率调节的来源。

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The movement to transform the North American power grid into a smart grid may be accomplished by expanding integrated sensing, communications, and control technologies to include every part of the grid to the point of end-use. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) provide an opportunity for small-scale distributed storage while they are plugged-in. With large numbers of PHEV and the communications and sensing associated with the smart grid, PHEV could provide ancillary services for the grid. Frequency regulation is an ideal service for PHEV because the duration of supply is short (order of minutes) and it is the highest priced ancillary service on the market offering greater financial returns for vehicle owners.;Using Simulink a power system simulator modeling the IEEE 14 Bus System was combined with a model of PHEV charging and the controllers which facilitate vehicle-to-grid (V2G) regulation supply. The system includes a V2G controller for each vehicle which makes regulation supply decisions based on battery state, user preferences, and the recommended level of supply. A PHEV coordinator controller located higher in the system has access to reliable frequency measurements and can determine a suitable local automatic generation control (AGC) raise/lower signal for participating vehicles.;A first step implementation of the V2G supply system where battery charging is modulated to provide regulation was developed. The system was simulated following a step change in loading using three scenarios: (1) Central generating units provide frequency regulation, (2) PHEV contribute to primary regulation analogous to generator speed governor control, and (3) PHEV contribute to primary and secondary regulation using an additional integral term in the PHEV control signal. In both cases the additional regulation provided by PHEV reduced the area control error (ACE) compared to the base case.;Unique contributions resulting from this work include: (1) Studied PHEV energy systems and limitations on battery charging/discharging, (2) Reviewed standards for interconnection of distributed resources and electric vehicle charging [1], [2], (3) Explored strategies for distributed control of PHEV charging, (4) Developed controllers to accommodate PHEV regulation, and (5) Developed a simulator combining a power system model and PHEV/V2G components.
机译：通过将集成的传感，通信和控制技术扩展到包括电网的每个部分到最终使用点，可以完成将北美电网转变为智能电网的运动。插电式混合动力汽车（PHEV）在插电时为小型分布式存储提供了机会。借助大量的PHEV以及与智能电网相关的通信和传感，PHEV可以为电网提供辅助服务。频率调节是PHEV的理想服务，因为其供应时间短（几分钟），并且是市场上价格最高的辅助服务，可为车主提供更大的财务收益。;使用Simulink建模IEEE 14的电力系统模拟器总线系统与PHEV充电模型和控制器相结合，该控制器有助于车辆到电网（V2G）的调节供应。该系统包括用于每辆车的V2G控制器，该控制器根据电池状态，用户喜好和建议的供电水平制定调节供电决策。位于系统较高位置的PHEV协调器控制器可以访问可靠的频率测量值，并可以为参与车辆确定合适的本地自动发电控制（AGC）升高/降低信号。; V2G供电系统的第一步实现，其中对电池充电进行调制提供规章制度。在以下三种情况下，通过逐步改变负载对系统进行了仿真：（1）中央发电机组提供频率调节；（2）PHEV有助于类似于发电机调速器控制的一次调节；（3）PHEV有助于一次和二次调节在PHEV控制信号中使用附加积分项。在两种情况下，PHEV所提供的附加规定都比基本情况减少了面积控制误差（ACE）.;这项工作所产生的独特贡献包括：（1）研究过的PHEV能源系统以及电池充电/放电的限制，（2）审查了有关分布式资源和电动汽车充电的互连标准[1]，[2]，（3）探索了PHEV充电的分布式控制策略，（4）开发了适应PHEV调节的控制器，以及（5）结合了电力系统模型和PHEV / V2G组件。

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