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Price Formation and Fluctuation in Ptolemaic Egypt

机译：托勒密埃及的价格形成和波动

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摘要

This dissertation seeks to identify fluctuations and volatility in the prices of commodities in early Ptolemaic Egypt (332-186 BCE) and to explain the possible causes of such variability. An understanding of the interplay between market forces and institutional influence on the prices is fundamental to understanding the ancient Egyptian economy and ancient economies in general. In tabulating and analyzing ancient prices, I use the approach of the New Institutional Economics to address the key economic question of how prices were formed, including the role of the state and other social institutions in regulating the extent to which prices could vary. The factors that could have influenced price variability are endless--inundation levels would have had the largest impact on harvest levels, and certain crops may have been more or less affected by these environmental factors based on their own biology, for example. This dissertation approaches price variability from an alternative angle, however, interrogating the extent to which the Ptolemaic state was effective in overriding the variability caused by such infinite factors through its interventions towards price stability (e.g., fixing prices or managing production of certain commodities).;In order to approach such macroeconomic questions, I needed to collect a broad set of data. I was able to leverage the Trismegistos online metadata database project, which contains information from a number of databases of ancient texts, including the Database of Demotic and Abnormal Hieratic Texts and the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis, thus tabulating essentially all known Greek and Demotic texts from the period. My searches yielded a total of 10,430 texts; of that total, I was able to check 8,557 texts for price data. My dissertation is based on over a thousand commodity prices I found in those texts.;Some of the best-known studies of Ptolemaic prices have focused on rates of conversion between grains and money known in penalty clauses in contracts---these rates increase in a rhythmic, stepped manner. However, my price data demonstrate that market prices did not move according to the same patterns as the penalty prices. I argue that since penalty prices cannot be extrapolated to represent actual market prices, these were different systems of pricing---and that ultimately, there was no sense of "normal price" in Ptolemaic Egypt. In the end, I note that Ptolemaic prices were both subject to inflation and highly variable, and I evaluate the possible reasons for this inflation and generally high variability. Coupling the quantitative price data with qualitative evidence from many texts, I argue that the state's ostensible interventions were not effective in generating adequate elasticity of supply. I further emphasize the incompleteness of information available to ancient individuals as they set and accepted prices, as well as possible imbalances in access to that information. This dissertation argues for the importance of acknowledging the vast differences in the amount of information available to people acting in ancient and modern economies and discusses the potential effects of engaging in transactions with high uncertainty, such as speculative effects. Thus, while this study encompasses only one society, it sheds light on issues fundamental to the study of economies generally by using a blend of quantitative and qualitative methods to understand both concrete and theoretical questions about how economies work.
机译：本文旨在找出托勒密早期埃及（公元前332-186年）商品价格的波动和波动，并解释这种变化的可能原因。对市场力量和制度对价格的影响之间的相互作用的理解，对于理解古埃及经济和整个古经济至关重要。在对古代价格进行制表和分析时，我使用新制度经济学的方法来解决价格如何形成的关键经济问题，包括国家和其他社会机构在调节价格变化程度方面的作用。可能影响价格波动的因素是无穷无尽的-淹没水平对收成水平的影响最大，例如，某些农作物或多或少受基于其自身生物学的这些环境因素的影响。本文从另一个角度探讨了价格的可变性，然而，托勒密国家通过干预价格稳定（例如，固定价格或管理某些商品的生产），在多大程度上有效地克服了由无限因素引起的可变性。 ；为了解决此类宏观经济问题，我需要收集大量数据。我能够利用Trismegistos在线元数据数据库项目，该项目包含许多古代文献数据库的信息，包括Demotic和Aberative Hieratic Texts数据库以及Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis，因此基本上将这段时期内所有已知的希腊和Demotic文本制成表格。我的搜索总共产生了10,430篇文章；在这个总数中，我能够查看8,557条文本以获取价格数据。我的论文基于我在这些文本中发现的上千种商品价格。；托勒密价格的一些最著名研究集中在谷物与合同中的罚则中的货币之间的兑换率上。有节奏，有节奏的方式。但是，我的价格数据表明，市场价格并未按照与惩罚价格相同的模式移动。我认为，由于不能推断惩罚价格来代表实际的市场价格，所以这些是不同的定价系统-最终，托勒密埃及没有“正常价格”的感觉。最后，我注意到托勒密价格既受通货膨胀的影响，又高度波动，并且我评估了这种通货膨胀和总体波动性可能的原因。我将定量的价格数据与来自许多文本的定性证据相结合，我认为国家表面上的干预措施无法有效地产生足够的供给弹性。我进一步强调，古代人在设定和接受价格时所获得的信息不完整，以及在获取信息方面可能存在的不平衡。本文主张认识到古代和现代经济中人们所能获得的信息量的巨大差异的重要性，并讨论了进行高度不确定性交易的潜在影响，例如投机性影响。因此，尽管这项研究仅涵盖一个社会，但它通过使用定量和定性方法的结合来理解有关经济运行方式的具体和理论问题，从而揭示了一般而言对经济研究至关重要的问题。

著录项

  • 作者

    Hayden, Brittany.;

  • 作者单位

    The University of Chicago.;

  • 授予单位 The University of Chicago.;
  • 学科 Ancient history.;Middle Eastern history.;Economic history.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2018
  • 页码 872 p.
  • 总页数 872
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 宗教;
  • 关键词

  • 入库时间 2022-08-17 11:37:35

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