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Essays in Labor Economics and Police Accountability

机译：劳动经济学和警察问责性论文

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摘要

There is a growing debate over police accountability in the United States, and, in particular, a growing interest from the public in police use of force and incidents of officer misconduct. Surprisingly, there is limited empirical evidence on whether or not law enforcement misconduct affects the level of crime, citizens' perceptions of the police, and citizens' criminal records.;The first two chapters of this dissertation focus on issues related to police accountability while the final chapter delves into understanding the methodologies behind the identification of treatment effects using duration models.;In Chapter 1, "Going the Extra Mile: the Cost of Complaint Filing, Accountability, and Law Enforcement Outcomes in Chicago," I study civilian willingness to pay to file a complaint against a police officer. As officers fulfill their duties to protect and serve the community, they often receive complaints from civilians with whom they have interacted. This setting makes policing fraught with agency problems. I use new, detailed administrative data to study the costs and benefits associated with filing a complaint against the police in Chicago. I exploit the fact that allegations without affidavits signed by complainants are considered null. I use variation in people's distance to the oversight agency where they sign affidavits as a way to study the effect of civilian oversight on policing. An administrative change of location of the reporting center provides a quasi-experimental setup for the identification strategy. A difference-in-difference analysis suggests that a one-standard deviation increase in traveling distance to the reporting center decreases the likelihood of a signed complaint by 6.2 percent for allegations of constitutional violations and 16.3 percent for complaints alleging the police's failure to provide service. In non-white residential areas, higher injury rates due to use of force and a higher level of force used per arrest were observed as distance from the reporting center increased. Individuals who benefit most from oversight are those with lowest valuation of complaining. I simulate counterfactual scenarios under a policy that would reduce the cost of signing the complaint. This policy would largely increase the number of investigations and the sustained rates for failure to provide service complaints in the most violent police districts. On the other hand, for allegations of constitutional violations, this policy would reduce sustained rates overall and marginally increase the number of investigations.;While this paper documents the role of civilians' oversight on police performance and their willingness to complain based on their incentives, it is also important to understand police officers' behaviors. As society delegates to police the authority to enforce laws, including the right to use force when needed, the question raised is whether or not police use force more than necessary.;Chapter 2 addresses this question in joint work with J. Grogger, "The Introduction of Tasers and Police Use of Force: Evidence from the Chicago Police Department," where we study police use of force. In March 2010, the Chicago Police Department changed its Taser policy, issuing the weapons to patrol officers instead of largely restricting their use to sergeants. We used that policy change to obtain difference-in-difference estimates of how the availability of Tasers affected the types of force employed by police, the total number of use-of-force incidents, injury rates per incident, the total number of injuries, and the race distribution of civilians involved in use-of-force incidents. The policy change initially led to a large increase in the use of Tasers, with limited substitution from other types of force. After a period of retraining, substitution between Tasers and other types of force, both greater and lesser, increased. Police injuries fell, but neither injury rates nor the number of injuries to civilians were affected. Contrary to popular arguments in support of Tasers, we find there is no evidence that Tasers led to a reduction in police use of firearms.;Chapter 3 focuses on understanding the methodologies behind the identification of treatment effects using duration models. In joint work with J. Ham, R. Lalonde, and X. Li, "On the Identification, Estimation, and Use of Dynamic Treatment Effects," we estimate the effect of endogenous training participation on transitions in and out of employment for disadvantaged women in the Job Training Partnership Act study. Decomposing the effect of training on employment into its effects on transitions in and out of employment has the potential to develop more effective programs. JTPA classroom training substantially reduced unemployment durations, and thus it complements programs that increase employment durations. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.).
机译：在美国，关于警察问责制的辩论越来越多，尤其是公众对警察使用武力和官员渎职事件的兴趣与日俱增。令人惊讶的是，关于执法不当行为是否会影响犯罪水平，公民对警察的理解以及公民的犯罪记录的经验证据有限。本论文的前两章着重于与警察责任相关的问题。最后一章深入研究了使用持续时间模型识别治疗效果的方法。；在第1章，“加倍努力：芝加哥的投诉备案，问责制和执法结果的成本”，我研究了平民的支付意愿向警察投诉。军官履行保护和服务社区的职责时，经常会收到与之互动的平民的投诉。此设置使警务工作充满代理问题。我使用新的详细行政数据来研究与向芝加哥警方投诉有关的成本和收益。我利用这样一个事实，即申诉人未签署誓章的指控被视为无效。我使用人们到监督机构签署宣誓书的距离的差异来研究平民监督对警务的影响。报告中心位置的行政变更为识别策略提供了半实验性的设置。差异分析表明，到报告中心的距离增加了一个标准偏差，对于违反宪法的指控，已签署投诉的可能性降低了6.2％，对于指控警察没有提供服务的投诉，降低了16.3％。在非白人居民区中，随着距报告中心距离的增加，观察到由于使用武力导致的受伤率较高，每次逮捕所使用的武力级别较高。从监督中受益最大的人是抱怨价值最低的人。我在一种可以减少签署投诉成本的政策下模拟了反事实情形。这项政策将大大增加调查数量，并提高在最暴力的警察地区未能提供服务投诉的持续率。另一方面，对于违反宪法的指控，这项政策将降低整体的持续比率，并略微增加调查的数量。；尽管本文记录了平民对警察绩效的监督作用以及他们基于动机而提出投诉的意愿，了解警察的行为也很重要。随着社会授权执法权，包括在必要时使用武力的权力，警察提出的问题是警察使用武力是否超出了必要。第二章与J. Grogger共同努力解决了这个问题，“泰瑟枪和警察使用武力的介绍：来自芝加哥警察局的证据，”我们在这里研究了警察使用武力的情况。 2010年3月，芝加哥警察局改变了其Taser政策，将武器发放给巡逻人员，而不是将其使用仅限于中士。我们使用该政策更改来获取差异数据，以估算Tasers的可用性如何影响警察使用的武力类型，使用武力的事件总数，每次事件的伤害率，伤害总数，以及涉及使用武力事件的平民的种族分布。政策变化最初导致泰瑟枪的使用大量增加，而其他类型的武力替代品有限。经过一段时间的训练之后，泰瑟枪和其他类型的力量（无论大小）之间的替代性都增加了。警察受伤人数有所下降，但受伤率和平民受伤人数均未受影响。与支持Tasers的流行观点相反，我们发现没有证据表明Tasers导致警察减少了对枪支的使用。第3章着重于了解使用持续时间模型识别治疗效果的方法。在与J. Ham，R。Lalonde和X. Li的合作中，“关于动态治疗效果的识别，估计和使用”，我们估计了内生培训参与对处境不利的妇女就业过渡的影响。在《职业培训伙伴关系法》研究中。将培训对就业的影响分解为对就业过渡和过渡的影响，有可能制定更有效的计划。 JTPA课堂培训大大减少了失业时间，因此是对增加就业时间的计划的补充。 （摘要由ProQuest缩短。）。

著录项

  • 作者

    Ba, Bocar Abdoulaye.;

  • 作者单位

    The University of Chicago.;

  • 授予单位 The University of Chicago.;
  • 学科 Public policy.;Economics.;Criminology.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2018
  • 页码 246 p.
  • 总页数 246
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 宗教;
  • 关键词

  • 入库时间 2022-08-17 11:52:55

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