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Effects of regulated deficit irrigation under subsurface drip irrigation conditions on water relations of mature almond trees

机译：地下滴灌条件下调亏灌溉对成熟杏树水分关系的影响

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摘要

The influence of several regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies under subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) conditions on water relations and gas exchange activity was analysed during a four year period for mature trees of a local variety of almond (Prunes dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, cv. Cartagenera), in a commercial plantation in the district of Aljorra, Murcia (,Southern Spain). Five treatments were applied: T1 (surface drip), which was irrigated at 100% ETc (crop evapotranspiration) for the full season, applying 603 mm per year; T2 (surface drip), irrigated at 100% ETc, except during, the kernel-filling stage (from early June to early August), when 20% ETc was applied; T3 (SDI), equal to T2, but in subsurface drip irrigation; T4 (SDI), irrigated at 100% ETc, except during kernel-filling (20% ETc) and post-harvest (75% ETc); T5 (SDI), equal to T4, but a greater reduction of post-harvest irrigation (50% ETc). The severity of water stress was characterised by measurements of soil water content (theta(v)), predawn leaf water potential (Psi(pd)), osmotic potential (Psi(pi)), relative water content (RWC), and gas exchange rates. Under stress (during the kernel-filling stage) and non-stress conditions (during active growth and post-harvest periods) in treatments T2, T3;and T4 there were not significant differences in the soil water content, nor in the plant water status and gas exchange parameters measured. Only T5 (SDI) showed a significant reduction in gas exchange activity at the end of the kernel-filling stage (point of maximum stress). This response was closely correlated with the severity of the stress reached. Minimum values of Psi(pd) reached in this period were -2.37 MPa in T2, -2.26 MPa in T3, -1.95 MPa in T4 and -2.52 MPa in T5. Maximum reductions in photosynthesis rate (A), with regard to the control, were 64%, 61%, 58% and 75%, respectively. Reductions in A, E and stomatal conductance (g(s)) in response to severe water stress were reversible. Although soil and plant water status recovered rapidly when trees were irrigated post-harvest, gas exchange activity (g,,, E and A) recovered more slowly in all treatments. T5 showed a recovery of soil water status that was slower and incomplete compared to the other treatments, post-harvest (early August-early September), although gas exchange activity was not affected in this period. These results indicate that these RDI strategies, with a severe irrigation deprivation during kernel-filling (20% ETc), and a recovery post-harvest at 75% ETc or up to 50% ETc under SDI, can be adequate in this orchard under semiarid conditions, due to a higher water application efficiency of this irrigation system, saving between 220-273 mm year(-1) irrigation water.
机译：在四年的时间里，分析了当地变种杏仁（Prunes dulcis（Mill。）DA）的成熟树木在地下滴灌（SDI）条件下几种调节性缺水灌溉（RDI）策略对水关系和气体交换活性的影响。 Webb，卡塔赫内拉（Cartagenera），在穆尔西亚（西班牙南部）Aljorra区的一家商业种植园中。进行了五种处理：T1（表面滴灌），整个季节以100％ETc（作物蒸散）灌溉，每年施用603 mm; T2（地面滴灌），以100％ETc灌溉，但在籽粒灌装阶段（从6月初至8月初），采用20％ETc时除外; T3（SDI）等于T2，但在地下滴灌中; T4（SDI），以100％ETc灌溉，但籽粒灌装（20％ETc）和收获后（75％ETc）除外; T5（SDI）等于T4，但是收获后灌溉的减少更大（ETc为50％）。通过测量土壤含水量（theta（v）），黎明前叶片水势（Psi（pd）），渗透势（Psi（pi）），相对含水量（RWC）和气体交换来表征水分胁迫的严重性费率。在处理（T2，T3和T4）中，在胁迫（籽粒灌浆期）和非胁迫条件（活跃生长期和收获后阶段）下，土壤水分含量和植物水分状况均无显着差异。和气体交换参数的测量。在籽粒填充阶段结束时（最大应力点），只有T5（SDI）的气体交换活性显着降低。该反应与所达到的压力的严重程度密切相关。在此期间达到的Psi（pd）的最小值在T2中为-2.37 MPa，在T3中为-2.26 MPa，在T4中为-1.95 MPa，在T5中为-2.52 MPa。与对照相比，光合作用的最大降低幅度（A）分别为64％，61％，58％和75％。响应于严重的水分胁迫，A，E和气孔导度（g（s））的降低是可逆的。尽管在收获后灌溉树木时土壤和植物的水分状况迅速恢复，但是在所有处理中气体交换活性（例如，E和A）的恢复均较慢。 T5表明，与收获后（8月上旬至9月上旬）的其他处理相比，土壤水分状况的恢复较慢且不完全，尽管在此期间气体交换活性未受影响。这些结果表明，在半干旱条件下，这些RDI策略在果园灌装期间严重缺乏灌溉（ETc为20％），收获后恢复为75％ETc或高达50％ETc，在该果园中就足够了。在这种情况下，由于该灌溉系统的水利用率更高，因此可节省220-273 mm年（-1）的灌溉水。

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