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Hen welfare in different housing systems

机译：不同住房制度下的母鸡福利

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Egg production systems have become subject to heightened levels of scrutiny. Multiple factors such as disease, skeletal and foot health, pest and parasite load, behavior, stress, affective states, nutrition, and genetics influence the level of welfare hens experience. Although the need to evaluate the influence of these factors on welfare is recognized, research is still in the early stages. We compared conventional cages, furnished cages, noncage systems, and outdoor systems. Specific attributes of each system are shown to affect welfare, and systems that have similar attributes are affected similarly. For instance, environments in which hens are exposed to litter and soil, such as noncage and outdoor systems, provide a greater opportunity for disease and parasites. The more complex the environment, the more difficult it is to clean, and the larger the group size, the more easily disease and parasites are able to spread. Environments such as conventional cages, which limit movement, can lead to osteoporosis, but environments that have increased complexity, such as noncage systems, expose hens to an increased incidence of bone fractures. More space allows for hens to perform a greater repertoire of behaviors, although some deleterious behaviors such as cannibalism and piling, which results in smothering, can occur in large groups. Less is understood about the stress that each system imposes on the hen, but it appears that each system has its unique challenges. Selective breeding for desired traits such as improved bone strength and decreased feather pecking and cannibalism may help to improve welfare. It appears that no single housing system is ideal from a hen welfare perspective. Although environmental complexity increases behavioral opportunities, it also introduces difficulties in terms of disease and pest control. In addition, environmental complexity can create opportunities for the hens to express behaviors that may be detrimental to their welfare. As a result, any attempt to evaluate the sustainability of a switch to an alternative housing system requires careful consideration of the merits and shortcomings of each housing system.
机译：产蛋系统已受到越来越严格的审查。诸如疾病，骨骼和足部健康，害虫和寄生虫负荷，行为，压力，情感状态，营养和遗传学等多种因素都会影响福利母鸡的体验水平。尽管已认识到需要评估这些因素对福利的影响，但研究仍处于早期阶段。我们比较了传统的笼子，带家具的笼子，非笼子系统和室外系统。显示每个系统的特定属性会影响福利，而具有类似属性的系统也会受到类似影响。例如，母鸡暴露于垫料和土壤的环境（如非笼养和室外系统）为疾病和寄生虫提供了更大的机会。环境越复杂，清洁起来就越困难，而种群规模越大，疾病和寄生虫越容易传播。限制活动的常规笼子之类的环境可能导致骨质疏松症，但非笼养系统等复杂性日益增加的环境会使母鸡的骨折发生率增加。更大的空间可以使母鸡表现出更多的行为，尽管大群人会发生一些诸如食人和堆积等有害行为，这些行为会导致窒息。人们对每个系统对母鸡的压力所知甚少，但似乎每个系统都有其独特的挑战。对所需性状进行选择性育种，例如提高骨骼强度，减少羽毛啄食和自相残杀，可能有助于改善福利。从母鸡福利的角度来看，似乎没有单一的住房系统是理想的。尽管环境的复杂性增加了行为机会，但它也带来了疾病和虫害控制方面的困难。此外，环境的复杂性可能会为母鸡创造机会表达可能危害其福利的行为。结果，任何评估替代住房系统的可持续性的尝试都需要仔细考虑每个住房系统的优缺点。

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