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Nutrition and bone growth and development

机译：营养与骨骼生长发育

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The growth and development of the human skeleton requires an adequate supply of many different nutritional factors. Classical nutrient deficiencies are associated with stunting (e.g. energy, protein, Zn), rickets (e.g. vitamin D) and other bone abnormalities (e.g. Cu, Zn, vitamin C). In recent years there has been interest in the role nutrition may play in bone growth at intakes above those required to prevent classical deficiencies, particularly in relation to optimising peak bone mass and minimising osteoporosis risk. There is evidence to suggest that peak bone mass and later fracture risk are influenced by the pattern of growth in childhood and by nutritional exposures in utero, in infancy and during childhood and adolescence. Of the individual nutrients, particular attention has been paid to Ca, vitamin D, protein and P. There has also been interest in several food groups, particularly dairy products, fruit and vegetables and foods contributing to acid-base balance. However, it is not possibleat the present time to define dietary reference values using bone health as a criterion, and the question of what type of diet constitutes the best support for optimal bone growth and development remains open. Prudent recommendations (Department of Health, 1998; World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization, 2003) are the same as those for adults, i.e. to consume a Ca intake close to the reference nutrient intake, optimise vitamin D status through adequate summer sunshine exposure (and diet supplementation where appropriate), be physically active, have a body weight in the healthy range, restrict salt intake and consume plenty of fruit and vegetables.
机译：人体骨骼的生长和发育需要充足的许多不同营养因子的供应。经典的营养素缺乏症与发育迟缓（例如能量，蛋白质，锌），病（例如维生素D）和其他骨骼异常（例如铜，锌，维生素C）有关。近年来，人们对营养在骨骼生长中所起的作用产生了兴趣，摄入量超过了预防经典缺陷所需的摄入量，特别是在优化峰值骨量和将骨质疏松症风险降至最低方面。有证据表明，高峰期的骨量和以后的骨折风险受儿童时期的生长方式以及子宫内，婴儿期以及儿童期和青春期的营养暴露的影响。在各种营养素中，尤其关注钙，维生素D，蛋白质和磷。人们还对几种食品类别产生了兴趣，尤其是乳制品，水果和蔬菜以及有助于酸碱平衡的食品。但是，目前尚无法使用骨骼健康作为标准来定义饮食参考值，关于哪种饮食构成最佳骨骼生长和发育的最佳支持的问题仍然悬而未决。谨慎的建议（卫生署，1998年;世界卫生组织/粮食及农业组织，2003年）与成年人的建议相同，即，摄入的钙摄入量应接近参考营养摄入量，并通过适当的夏季阳光照射来优化维生素D的状况（并在适当情况下补充饮食），保持身体活跃，使体重处于健康范围内，限制盐分的摄入并消耗大量的水果和蔬菜。

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