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Organic reaction pathways in the nonaqueous synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles

机译:金属氧化物纳米粒子非水合成中的有机反应途径

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Nonaqueous-solution routes to metal oxide nanoparticles are a valuable alternative to the known aqueous sol-gel processes, offering advantages such as high crystallinity at low temperatures, robust synthesis parameters and ability to control the crystal growth without the use of surfactants. In the first part of the review we give a detailed overview of the various solution routes to metal oxides in organic solvents, with a strong focus on surfactant-free processes. In most of these synthesis approaches, the organic solvent plays the role of the reactant that provides the oxygen for the metal oxide, controls the crystal growth, influences particle shape, and, in some cases, also determines the assembly behavior. We have a closer look at the following reaction systems in this order: 1) metal halides in alcohols, 2) metal alkoxides, acetates, and acetylacetonates in alcohols, 3) metal alkoxides in ketones, and 4) metal acetylacetonates in benzylamine. All these systems offer some peculiarities with respect to each other, providing many possibilities to control and tailor the particle size and shape, as well as the surface and assembly properties. In the second part we present general mechanistic principles for aqueous and nonaqueous sol-gel processes, followed by the discussion of reaction pathways relevant for nanoparticle formation in organic solvents. Depending on the system several mechanisms have been postulated: 1) alkyl halide elimination, 2) elimination of organic ethers, 3) ester elimination, 4) C-C bond formation between benzylic alcohols and alkoxides, 5) ketimine and aldol-like condensation reactions, 6) oxidation of metal nanoparticles, and 7) thermal decomposition methods.
机译:到金属氧化物纳米颗粒的非水溶液途径是已知的水性溶胶-凝胶工艺的一种有价值的替代方法,具有许多优点,例如低温下的高结晶度,稳定的合成参数以及无需使用表面活性剂即可控制晶体生长的能力。在本综述的第一部分中,我们对有机溶剂中金属氧化物的各种溶液路线进行了详细的概述,重点是无表面活性剂的工艺。在大多数这些合成方法中,有机溶剂起反应物的作用,该反应物为金属氧化物提供氧,控制晶体生长,影响颗粒形状,在某些情况下还决定组装行为。我们按以下顺序仔细研究以下反应系统:1)醇中的金属卤化物,2)醇中的金属醇盐,乙酸盐和乙酰丙酮化物,3)酮中的金属醇盐,和4)苄基胺中的乙酰丙酮金属化物。所有这些系统相互之间都具有一些特殊性,从而提供了许多控制和调整颗粒大小和形状以及表面和装配特性的可能性。在第二部分中,我们介绍了水性和非水性溶胶-凝胶工艺的一般机理,然后讨论了与在有机溶剂中形成纳米颗粒有关的反应途径。根据系统的不同,已提出了几种机理:1)烷基卤的消除,2)有机醚的消除,3)酯的消除,4)苄醇与醇盐之间的CC键形成,5)酮亚胺和类似醛醇的缩合反应,6 )金属纳米粒子的氧化,以及7)热分解方法。

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