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Deformations in transform faults with rotating crustal blocks

机译：旋转地块导致的变形断层变形

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A continuum model of deformation of a transform fault is considered. The fault interior is modelled as a part of a plate fragmented into a large number of angular blocks. The blocks are not joined together by any binder, but are rather held together due to external compression such that they can, in principle, rotate independently. Significant numbers of blocks involved in the deformation process permit a continuum description of the deformation, which in view of the possibility of independent rotations, necessitates the application of the Cosserat theory. The crucial point in the described model is the interconnection between the rotations and the normal stresses associated with the angular shape of the blocks: the rotating blocks `elbow' one another. Furthermore, elbowing produces compressive stresses independent of the direction of rotations. Consequently, the constitutive equations become non-linear involving absolute values of the components of the curvature tensor. The paper analyses a simple shear of a fault under constraining compression acting in the direction normal to the fault. An infinite layer subjected to opposite displacements and zero rotations at the edges is considered. It is shown that block rotations can lead to complex deformation patterns. There exists a displacement threshold proportional to the pressure: for imposed displacements below the threshold, the deformation pattern coincides with the conventional one as predicted for a classical elastic isotropic layer with uniform displacement gradient in the absence of block rotations. When the imposed displacement exceeds the threshold value, boundary zones of non-uniform rotations, displacement gradients and dilatation emerge. It is interesting to note that these features, which could be mistaken for indicators of non-elastic or localisation processes, occur in a situation where only elastic processes are acting at the scale of blocks and no friction or other energy dissipation processes take place.
机译：考虑了变形断层变形的连续模型。断层内部被建模为板块的一部分，该板块被分成大量的角块。这些块没有通过任何粘合剂结合在一起，而是由于外部压缩而保持在一起，从而使得它们原则上可以独立旋转。变形过程中涉及的大量块允许对变形进行连续描述，鉴于独立旋转的可能性，有必要应用Cosserat理论。所描述的模型中的关键点是旋转和与块的角度形状相关联的法向应力之间的互连：旋转的块彼此“弯头”。此外，弯曲会产生与旋转方向无关的压缩应力。因此，本构方程变为非线性，涉及曲率张量分量的绝对值。本文分析了在垂直于断层方向的约束压缩作用下的断层简单剪切。考虑无限层在边缘处经受相反的位移和零旋转。结果表明，块旋转会导致复杂的变形模式。存在一个与压力成比例的位移阈值：对于低于该阈值的施加位移，变形模式与常规模式一致，这是针对在没有滑块旋转的情况下具有均匀位移梯度的经典弹性各向同性层所预测的。当施加的位移超过阈值时，会出现旋转不均匀，位移梯度和膨胀的边界区域。有趣的是，这些特征可能被误认为是非弹性或局部化过程的指标，发生在只有弹性过程按区块规模起作用而没有发生摩擦或其他能量消散过程的情况下。

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