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The evolution of concerted evolution

机译：协同进化的进化

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Concerted evolution is a consequence of processes that convert copies of a gene in a multigene family into the same copy. Here we ask whether this homogenization may be adaptive. Analysis of a modifier of homogenization reveals (1) that the trait is most likely to spread if interactions between deleterious mutations are not strongly synergistic; (2) that selection on the modifier is of the order of the mutation rate, hence the modifier is most likely to be favoured by selection when the species has a large effective population size and/or if the modifier affects many genes simultaneously; and (3) that linkage between the genes in the family, and between these genes and the modifier, makes invasion of the modifier easier, suggesting that selection may favour multigene families being in clustered arrays. It follows from the first conclusion that genes for which mutations may often be dominant or semi-dominant should undergo concerted evolution more commonly than others. By analysis of the mouse knockout database, we show that mutations affecting growth-related genes are more commonly associated with dominant lethality than expected by chance. We predict then that selection will favour homogenization of such genes, and possibly others that are significantly dosage dependent, more often than it favours homogenization in other genes. The first condition is almost the opposite of that required for the maintenance of sexual reproduction according to the mutation-deterministic theory. The analysis here therefore suggests that sexual organisms can simultaneously minimize both the effects of deleterious, strongly synergistically, interacting mutations and those that interact either weakly synergistically, multiplicatively, or antagonistically, assuming the latter class belong to a multicopy gene family. Recombination and an absence of homogenization are efficient in purging deleterious mutations in the former class, homogenization and an absence of recombination are efficient at minimizing the costs imposed by the latter classes. [References: 38]
机译：协同进化是将多基因家族中的一个基因的副本转换成相同副本的过程的结果。在这里，我们询问这种均质化是否具有适应性。对同质化修饰子的分析表明：（1）如果有害突变之间的相互作用不是很强的协同作用，则性状最有可能扩散; （2）对修饰子的选择约为突变率，因此，当物种的有效种群数量较大和/或修饰子同时影响多个基因时，最有可能通过选择来选择修饰子; （3）家族中的基因之间以及这些基因与修饰子之间的联系使修饰子的入侵更加容易，这表明选择可能更有利于多基因家族以簇状排列。从第一个结论得出的结论是，突变可能经常是显性或半显性的基因应比其他基因更普遍地进行协调进化。通过对小鼠基因敲除数据库的分析，我们发现，影响生长相关基因的突变与显性致死率的关联比偶然预期的更为普遍。然后我们预测，选择将倾向于此类基因的均质化，可能还有其他显着剂量依赖性的基因，而不是倾向于其他基因均质化的基因。第一个条件与根据突变确定性理论维持性生殖所需的条件几乎相反。因此，这里的分析表明，假定后一类属于多拷贝基因家族，则性生物可以同时将有害的，强烈协同作用的相互作用突变和弱协同，乘法或拮抗相互作用的突变最小化。重组和不均质化可有效清除前一类中的有害突变，均质化和不重组可有效降低后一类所带来的成本。 [参考：38]

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