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Transport and Society

机译：交通与社会

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In 1963, the Buchanan Report in the UK advocated a combination of new road capacity, improved public transport and traffic restraint as a means to tackle congestion. Forty years on, and the advice from many transport experts remains the same. However, the scale and complexity of the problems associated with a mobility-dependent society have grown. The need for politicians to make tough but realistic policy decisions on transport is now becoming unavoidable. They must confront the realities of living with the car as must the general public. Policymakers now also have social well-being and sustainable development moving higher on their agendas alongside transport. Against such a backdrop, the paper makes the case for transport research, policy and practice to acknowledge more fully the inherent links between transport and society. It argues that greater recognition and understanding of such links is crucial to confronting the present realities. Transport does not merely serve society: it shapes society, as in turn society shapes transport. The future of each is dependent on the other, and this fact must be recognized. The paper advocates in turn that the transport profession must move from its heartlands in engineering and economics also to embrace more fully such disciplines as sociology and psychology. A factual picture of the many facets of present-day society is presented and the implications for travel demand are discussed. Through considering phenomena such as social norms and habitual behaviour, it is then argued that the travel choices and behaviour of individuals are not simply a matter of economic optimization. This points to the need for decision-makers to be furnished with better evidence about the transport problems faced and the potential efficacy of measures that might be taken. Discussion of public attitudes and the role of the media are included in the context of assessing how politicians can be encouraged and supported in their implementation of realistic but unpopular policies. Evidence and experience within the paper are UK based, although many of the issues and arguments apply world wide.
机译：1963年，英国的《布坎南报告》（Buchanan Report）倡导将新的道路通行能力，改善的公共交通和交通限制相结合，以解决拥堵问题。四十年来，许多运输专家的建议保持不变。但是，与依赖流动性的社会有关的问题的规模和复杂性在增长。现在，政治家对运输做出艰难而现实的政策决定的必要性变得不可避免。他们必须像普通大众一样面对与汽车共处的现实。决策者现在也将社会福祉和可持续发展与运输一起列为更高的议程。在这样的背景下，本文为交通研究，政策和实践提供了理由，以更充分地认识到交通与社会之间的内在联系。它认为，更多地认识和理解这种联系对于面对当前现实至关重要。运输不仅为社会服务，它还塑造了社会，而社会又塑造了运输。彼此的未来取决于彼此，这一事实必须得到承认。该论文反过来提倡运输专业必须从工程和经济学的心脏地带走出去，也必须更全面地接受社会学和心理学等学科。介绍了当今社会许多方面的事实情况，并讨论了对旅行需求的影响。通过考虑诸如社会规范和习惯行为等现象，然后论证了个人的出行选择和行为不仅仅是经济优化的问题。这表明需要为决策者提供更好的证据，说明所面临的运输问题以及可能采取的措施的潜在效力。在评估如何鼓励和支持政客执行现实但不受欢迎的政策时，将讨论公众的态度和媒体的作用。尽管许多问题和论点在全球范围内都适用，但本文中的证据和经验均基于英国。

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