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首页> 外文期刊>Journal American Pomological Society >Blackheart injury in 'Golden Delicious', 'Jonagold', 'Empire' and 'RomeBeauty' apple trees on five rootstocks in the 1990 NC-140cultivar/rootstock trial
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Blackheart injury in 'Golden Delicious', 'Jonagold', 'Empire' and 'RomeBeauty' apple trees on five rootstocks in the 1990 NC-140cultivar/rootstock trial

机译：在1990年NC-140品种/砧木试验中，对五种砧木上的“黄金美味”，“乔纳金尔德”，“帝国”和“ RomeBeauty”苹果树进行黑心伤

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Blackheart injury was evaluated at 25 cm above the soil surface on 'Golden Delicious', 'Jonagold', 'Empire', and 'Rome Beauty' apple (Malus X domestica Borkh) trees on M.9 EMLA, B.9, Mark, O.3 and M.26 EMLA rootstocks in the 1990 NC-140 cultivar by rootstock plantings located in Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Ohio, and Tennessee. Trees grown in Iowa, which recorded the coldest temperatures, exhibited the greatest injury, while trees grown in Tennessee, Massachusetts, and Maine exhibited the least injury. Cultivar susceptibility to blackheart injury was affected by location, with Jonagold trees sustaining a high percentage of injury in Iowa and Indiana, and Rome trees sustaining high injury in Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, and Massachusetts. Trees on Mark rootstock, followed by B.9 and M.9 EMLA, most frequently exhibited a high percentage of blackheart injury, while trees on M.26 EMLA, followed by O.3, most frequently sustained less blackheart injury. Supplemental decline ratings of trees in the Iowa planting in conjunction with the blackheart injury support reports that trees on Mark and Low temperature tolerance of apple trees on dwarfing rootstocks is a concern in colder apple-producing regions. Trees have been killed following test winters, but more often exhibit symptoms of decline from which recovery often occurs. Injury can be to the roots or the above-ground portions of the trees. Root injury typically occurs under conditions where trees are growing on sandy soils and absence of snow cover during a freezing event (16). Depending upon when the freezing event occurs,injury to the above-ground portions of the trees can be to the xylem, bark, or buds. mid-winter, apple vegetative buds and bark are much hardier than living xylem cells, while xylem is hardier than the bark and buds in early autumn and late spring (17, 18). Blackheart is a form of winter injury characterized by the killing ok xylem parenchyma cells and the occlusion of vessel elements (22). The typical symptom of blackheart is oxidative browning of the xylem tissue (20) caused by the supercooled fraction of intercellular water freezing in the xylem ray parenchyma cells (17, 18). Most often, blackheart injury does not cause outright death of the plants with recurring injury being common in nature, and it has been implicated in the decline and reduced productivity of fruit trees (17).
机译：在M.9 EMLA，B.9，Mark，M.9， 1990年NC-140品种中的O.3和M.26 EMLA砧木是通过位于印第安纳州，爱荷华州，肯塔基州，缅因州，马萨诸塞州，俄亥俄州和田纳西州的砧木种植而获得的。在爱荷华州生长的树木记录的温度最冷，伤害最大，而在田纳西州，马萨诸塞州和缅因州生长的树木伤害最小。品种对黑心病的易感性受地理位置的影响，乔纳戈尔德树在爱荷华州和印第安纳州遭受的伤害较高，罗马树在印第安纳州，肯塔基州，缅因州和马萨诸塞州遭受的伤害较高。 Mark砧木上的树木，其次是B.9和M.9 EMLA，最常表现出高百分比的黑心病伤害，而M.26 EMLA上的树木，其次是O.3，最常表现出更少的黑心病伤害。爱荷华州种植的树木的补充下降等级以及黑心病伤害支持报告表明，在较冷的苹果产区，树木的标记和矮化砧木上苹果树的低温耐受性值得关注。树木在冬季测试后被杀死，但更经常出现衰退的迹象，并从中恢复。伤害可能是树木的根部或地上部分。根系伤害通常发生在树木生长在沙质土壤上且在冻结事件期间没有积雪的情况下（16）。取决于冻结事件发生的时间，树木地上部分的伤害可能是木质部，树皮或芽的伤害。冬季中期，苹果的营养芽和树皮比活的木质部细胞坚硬得多，而木质部的茎在早秋和春末比树皮和芽坚硬（17、18）。黑心病是冬季伤害的一种形式，其特征是杀死了木质部薄壁实质细胞并阻塞了血管元件（22）。黑心病的典型症状是木质部射线实质细胞（17、18）中细胞间水冻结的过冷部分引起木质部组织（20）的氧化褐变。黑心病伤害通常不会导致植物的彻底死亡，而反复伤害在自然界是很常见的，它牵涉到果树的衰落和生产力的下降（17）。

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