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Immunology of melanoma

机译：黑色素瘤的免疫学

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It can be safely said that human melanomas are immunogenic. Virtually all the major principles of "tumor immunology" have been experimentally established in this model. It is now amply clear that melanoma cells display multiple antigens and peptide epitopes that are targetable by the host immune system and that patients with melanoma are capable of responding to these antigens and epitopes serologically as well as through the cell-mediated mechanisms. The immune responses against melanoma are, however, subject to regulation by the regulatory processes within the immune system itself and melanoma cells can resort to overt evasive activities. Indeed, the intrinsic as well as the extrinsic mechanisms within the immune system that are designed to control the magnitude as well as the duration of immune responses at times act as constraints against generating a robust and long-lasting antimelanoma response and melanoma cells are capable of using all the tricks (eg, downregulation of targetable molecules, elaboration of immunosuppressive cytokines) available to living organisms so as to evade immune recognition and destruction. As a result, the immune system often fails to protect the host against melanoma development and progression. The cumulative knowledge over the years on melanoma-associated antigens and epitopes, on methods of immunization, and on technologies for generating melanoma antigen-specific T cells, natural or engineered, have led to the development of immunotherapeutic strategies with "melanoma vaccines" and with T-cell-based adoptive immunotherapy for melanoma. Although these strategies have not been uniformly successful in all cases, durable complete regressions of metastatic melanoma can at times be obtained with active specific immunization or adoptive cell therapy. There is reason for hope that continued research in the field is likely to improve the outcome of melanoma immunotherapy: the ultimate goal of tumor immunology. ? 2013.
机译：可以肯定地说，人黑素瘤是免疫原性的。实际上，已经在该模型中通过实验建立了“肿瘤免疫学”的所有主要原理。现在已经非常清楚地发现，黑素瘤细胞显示出宿主免疫系统可靶向的多种抗原和肽表位，并且黑素瘤患者能够从血清学以及通过细胞介导的机制对这些抗原和表位作出反应。但是，针对黑色素瘤的免疫反应受免疫系统自身内部调节过程的调节，因此黑色素瘤细胞可能会采取明显的回避活动。实际上，旨在控制免疫应答的大小和持续时间的免疫系统内在机制和外在机制有时会限制产生强大而持久的anlanlanoma反应，而黑色素瘤细胞能够利用活生物体可用的所有技巧（例如，可调节分子的下调，免疫抑制细胞因子的修饰）来逃避免疫识别和破坏。结果，免疫系统通常不能保护宿主免于黑素瘤的发生和发展。多年来对黑素瘤相关抗原和抗原决定簇，免疫方法以及天然或工程改造的黑素瘤抗原特异性T细胞产生技术的积累知识，导致开发了用“黑素瘤疫苗”和免疫疗法治疗免疫的策略。基于T细胞的黑色素瘤过继免疫疗法。尽管这些策略并非在所有情况下都取得成功，但有时可以通过主动特异性免疫或过继性细胞疗法获得持久的转移性黑色素瘤完全消退。有理由希望，在该领域的持续研究可能会改善黑色素瘤免疫治疗的结果：肿瘤免疫学的最终目标。 ？ 2013。

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