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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Paleontology >Borings in early Eocene turtle shell from the Wasatch Formation, South Pass, Wyoming
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Borings in early Eocene turtle shell from the Wasatch Formation, South Pass, Wyoming

机译：怀俄明州南Pass口沃萨奇组的始新世早期海龟壳钻孔

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摘要

Borings in fossil turtle shells collected from the lowermost beds of the early Eocene Cathedral Bluffs Tongue of the Wasatch Formation in the northwestern part of the Green River Basin near South Pass, Wyoming, are herein described. Individual turtle shells in the study area are characterized by as few as one or two and as many as >100 borings. The borings include both non-penetrative forms (those which do not pass fully though the shell) as well as penetrative forms (those which pass fully from the exterior to the interior surface of the shell). All non-penetrative forms occur on external surfaces of the carapace and plastron (i.e. those that would have been accessible while the host taxon was alive). Two new ichnogenera and four new ichnospecies are established to describe these borings. Karethraichnus (new ichnogenus) includes three ichnospecies: K. lakkos (new ichnospecies), K. kulindros (new ichnospecies), and K. fiale (new ichnospecies). Karethraichnus lakkos are shallow (non-penetrating), hemispherical pits with rounded, to flattened bases. Karethraichnus kulindros are deep, non-penetrative traces with a cylindrical profile, an axis approximately perpendicular to the substrate surface and with rounded to flattened, hemispherical termini. Karethraichnus fiale are penetrative traces with a cylindrical to bi-convex or flask-shaped profile, and an axis approximately perpendicular to the substrate surface. Thatchtelithichnus (new ichnogenus) Thatchtelithichnus holmani (new ichnospecies) consist of non-penetrative borings into a bone substrate. They consist of a ring-shaped trace, with a central pedestal or platform. The position of the borings on the shells, and evidence of syn-emplacement healing of the borings in several of the turtles, indicates that these borings were emplacement by ectoparasites/mesoparasites while the animals were living. Similar traces in modern emydid turtles are attributed to ticks, leeches, or spirorchid liver flukes.
机译：本文描述了从怀俄明州南通道附近的格林河盆地西北部沃萨奇组西北部早期始新世大教堂布拉夫斯舌的最下部河床采集的化石龟壳中的钻孔。研究区域内的单个龟壳的特征是少至一两个或多于一百个的镗孔。钻孔既包括非穿透性形式（不能完全通过外壳的形式），也包括穿透性形式（可以从外壳的外部完全穿透到内部表面的形式）。所有非穿透性形式都发生在甲壳和的外表面上（即在宿主分类单元存活时本来可以进入的形式）。建立了两个新的鱼类纲和四个新的鱼类纲来描述这些无聊。 Karethraichnus（新鱼类）包括三个鱼类：K。lakkos（新鱼类），K。kulindros（新鱼类）和K. fiale（新鱼类）。 Karethraichnus lakkos是浅的（非穿透性的）半球形凹坑，基部圆形且变平。 Karethraichnus kulindros是深的，非穿透性的痕迹，具有圆柱形轮廓，其轴近似垂直于基材表面，并具有圆形至扁平的半球形末端。 Karethraichnus fiale是具有圆柱到双凸或烧瓶形状轮廓的穿透痕迹，其轴近似垂直于基材表面。 Thatchtelithichnus（new ichnogenus）Thatchtelithichnus holmani（new ichnospecies）由进入骨基质的非穿透性钻孔组成。它们由环形走线和中央基座或平台组成。钻孔在贝壳上的位置，以及在数只海龟中钻孔的同位安置愈合的证据表明，这些钻孔是在动物生活时被外寄生物/中代寄生虫安置的。现代em龟中的类似痕迹归因于tick，水或螺旋藻肝吸虫。

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