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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Reviews >Aflatoxins in Maize: A Mexican Perspective
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Aflatoxins in Maize: A Mexican Perspective

机译：玉米中的黄曲霉毒素：墨西哥的观点

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摘要

Aflatoxins are carcinogenic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus, a fungal pathogen that infects maize both in the field and during storage. Mexico is the center of origin of maize and its production in most parts in the country is characterized by the employment of a wide diversity of open-pollinated genotypes adapted to certain environments. In most regions, maize is produced under rain fed conditions with low fertilizer and pesticide input and consequent low yields, probably fostering A. flavus infection in drought-stressed plants. In addition, poor pest control increases insect damage, facilitating fungal infection and aflatoxin contamination. Ideally, management of aflatoxin contamination should begin with the employment of resistant genotypes as has been demonstrated by several U.S. breeding programs. However, in Mexico the wide genetic diversity of maize has not been fully exploited to identify resistance to aflatoxin contamination in breeding programs, thus impeding the reduction of aflatoxin levels in the field. Additional complications come from the fact that transgenic maize expressing insecticidal protein or any other trait to reduce aflatoxin is not viable in Mexico due to a government prohibition on the use of genetically modified maize. Maize is a staple crop in Mexico with high consumption in forms such as tortillas; thus, aflatoxin contamination is a significant threat to human health. Although aflatoxins are partially destroyed during the alkaline cooking procedure (called nixtamalization) to prepare tortillas, residual levels of aflatoxins might be considerable. Although important research has been conducted in several aspects of aflatoxin contamination of maize by universities, agricultural centers, and some government agencies, a full mycotoxin research program is needed in Mexico to ascertain the extents of aflatoxin contamination in different parts of the country and to develop economically viable technology to reduce aflatoxin exposure.
机译：黄曲霉毒素是黄曲霉（Aspergillus flavus）产生的致癌代谢产物，黄曲霉是一种真菌病原体，在田间和储存过程中均会感染玉米。墨西哥是玉米的起源中心，墨西哥大部分地区的生产特点是采用了多种适应特定环境的开放授粉基因型。在大多数地区，玉米是在雨水充沛的条件下生产的，肥料和农药的投入量较低，因此单产也较低，这很可能在干旱胁迫的植物中引起黄曲霉感染。此外，不良的虫害控制增加了昆虫的危害，促进了真菌感染和黄曲霉毒素的污染。理想情况下，黄曲霉毒素污染的管理应从抗药性基因型的使用开始，这已在几个美国育种计划中得到证明。但是，在墨西哥，尚未充分利用玉米的广泛遗传多样性来确定育种计划中对黄曲霉毒素污染的抗性，因此阻碍了田间黄曲霉毒素水平的降低。由于政府禁止使用转基因玉米，因此在墨西哥无法表达表达杀虫蛋白或任何其他降低黄曲霉毒素特性的转基因玉米，这一事实带来了更多的复杂性。玉米是墨西哥的主要农作物，玉米饼等形式的玉米消费量很高。因此，黄曲霉毒素污染是对人类健康的重大威胁。尽管在碱性蒸煮过程中（称为尼克氨化）准备玉米饼的过程中，黄曲霉毒素被部分破坏，但黄曲霉毒素的残留量可能相当可观。尽管大学，农业中心和一些政府机构已经在玉米的黄曲霉毒素污染的几个方面进行了重要的研究，但墨西哥仍需要一项完整的真菌毒素研究计划，以确定该国不同地区黄曲霉毒素的污染程度并发展经济上可行的技术，以减少黄曲霉毒素的暴露。

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