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Contrasts between equilibrium and non-equilibrium steady states: computer aided discoveries in simple lattice gases

机译:平衡与非平衡稳态之间的对比:简单晶格气体中的计算机辅助发现

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摘要

A century ago, the foundations of equilibrium statistical mechanics were laid. For a system in equilibrium with a thermal bath, much is understood through the Boltzmann factor, e~(-H[C]/kT), for the probability of finding the system in any microscopic configuration C. In contrast, apart from some special cases, little is known about the corresponding probabilities, if the same system is in contact with more than one reservoir of energy, so that, even in stationary states, there is a constant energy flux through our system. These non-equilibrium steady states display many surprising properties. In particular, even the simplest generalization of the Ising model offers a wealth of unexpected phenomena. Mostly discovered through Monte Carlo simulation, some of the novel properties are understood while many remain unexplained. A brief review and some recent results will be presented, highlighting the sharp contrasts between the equilibrium Ising system and this non-equilibrium counterpart.
机译:一个世纪以前,平衡统计力学的基础已经奠定。对于一个带有热浴的平衡系统,通过玻尔兹曼因子e〜(-H [C] / kT)可以发现在任何微观结构C下的系统可能性。在同一情况下,如果同一系统与一个以上的能量储存库接触,则对相应的概率知之甚少,因此,即使在静止状态下,通过我们系统的能量流也保持恒定。这些非平衡稳态表现出许多令人惊讶的特性。特别是,即使是Ising模型的最简单的概括,也提供了许多意想不到的现象。多数是通过蒙特卡罗模拟发现的,一些新颖的特性可以理解,而许多尚无法解释。将简要介绍一下,并提供一些近期的结果,以突出说明平衡伊辛系统与该非平衡对等系统之间的鲜明对比。

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