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Catatonia

机译：紧张症

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One of the most exciting psychiatric conditions is the bizarre psychomotor syndrome called catatonia, which may present with a large number of different motor signs and even vegetative instability. Catatonia is potentially life threatening. The use of benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been efficient in the majority of patients. The rich clinical literature of the past has attempted to capture the nature of catatonia. But the lack of diagnostic clarity and operationalization has hampered research on catatonia for a long time. Within the last decades, it became clear that catatonia had to be separated from schizophrenia, which was finally accomplished in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). In DSM-5, catatonia syndrome may be diagnosed as a specifier to major mood disorders, psychotic disorders, general medical conditions, and as catatonia not otherwise specified. This allows diagnosing the syndrome in a large variety of psychiatric disorders. Currently, the pathobiology remains widely unknown. Suspected neurotransmitter systems include gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate. Neuroimaging reports pointed to reduced resting state activity and reduced task activation in motor areas of the frontal and parietal cortex. The new classification of catatonia will foster more clinical research and neuroscientific approaches by testing catatonia in various populations and applying stringent criteria. The scarce number of prospective trials will hopefully increase, as more trials will be encouraged within a more precise concept of catatonia.
机译：最激动人心的精神疾病之一是被称为卡塔托尼亚（catatonia）的奇异的精神运动综合症，它可能表现出大量不同的运动征象甚至是植物失稳。加泰罗尼亚可能威胁生命。在大多数患者中，苯二氮卓类药物和电惊厥疗法（ECT）的使用非常有效。过去丰富的临床文献试图捕获卡塔尼亚的性质。但是缺乏诊断的清晰度和可操作性在很长一段时间内一直阻碍了对卡塔顿的研究。在过去的几十年中，很明显必须将精神分裂症与精神分裂症分开，这最终在《精神疾病诊断和统计手册》第五版（DSM-5）中完成。在DSM-5中，卡塔顿综合症可被诊断为主要情绪障碍，精神病，一般医疗状况的指定者，以及未另作说明的卡塔顿。这使得可以在多种精神病中诊断该综合征。目前，病理生物学仍然广为人知。怀疑的神经递质系统包括γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）和谷氨酸。神经影像学报告指出，额叶和顶叶皮质运动区的静止状态活动减少，任务激活减少。通过对各种人群的卡塔尼亚进行测试并采用严格的标准，卡塔尼亚的新分类将促进更多的临床研究和神经科学方法。前瞻性试验的稀缺数量有望增加，因为在更精确的卡塔尼亚概念中将鼓励更多试验。

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