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Impact of invasive cane toads on Australian birds

机译：入侵性蟾蜍蟾蜍对澳大利亚鸟类的影响

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The cane toad (Bufo marinus), a large, toxic, American anuran, was introduced to Australia in 1935. Populations of many of Australia's reptiles (snakes, varanid lizards, crocodiles) and carnivorous mammals (dasyurid marsupials) have declined because these predators are killed by the toad's powerful toxins. In contrast to these well-studied species, little is known about the cane toads impacts on Australian birds. We reviewed published and unpublished data on behavioral interactions between Australian avian predators and cane toads and collated distributional and dietary information to identify avian taxa potentially at risk from cane toad invasion. Cane toads are sympatric with 172 frog-eating bird species in Australia, and an additional 8 bird species overlap with the predicted future range of the toad. Although many bird species thus are potentially at risk, behavioral observations suggest the risk level is generally low. Despite occasional reports of Australian birds being killed when they ingest cane toads, most birds either ignore toads or survive the predation event. The apparently higher tolerance of Australian birds to toad toxins, compared with Australian reptiles and marsupials, may reflect genetic exchange between Australian birds and Asian populations that encounter other bufonid species regularly and hence have evolved the capacity to recognize or tolerate this toxic prey.
机译：1935年，甘蔗蟾蜍（Bufo marinus）是一种有毒的大型美洲无脊椎动物，被引入澳大利亚。由于这些掠食者是捕食性动物，澳大利亚许多爬行动物（蛇，曲折蜥蜴，鳄鱼）和肉食哺乳动物（dasyurid有袋动物）的种群数量有所下降。被蟾蜍的强大毒素杀死。与这些经过充分研究的物种相比，关于甘蔗蟾蜍对澳大利亚鸟类的影响知之甚少。我们审查了有关澳大利亚鸟类捕食者与甘蔗蟾蜍之间的行为相互作用的已发表和未发表的数据，并整理了分布和饮食信息，以识别可能受到甘蔗蟾蜍入侵威胁的禽类群。在澳大利亚，甘蔗蟾蜍是172种以青蛙为食的鸟类的同伴，另外8种鸟类与蟾蜍的预期未来范围重叠。因此，尽管许多鸟类都有潜在的风险，但行为观察表明，该风险水平通常较低。尽管偶尔有报道说澳大利亚鸟类在摄取甘蔗蟾蜍时被杀死，但大多数鸟类还是忽略了蟾蜍或在捕食事件中幸免。与澳大利亚爬行动物和有袋动物相比，澳大利亚鸟类对蟾蜍毒素的明显更高的耐受性，可能反映了澳大利亚鸟类与经常遇到其他bufonid物种的亚洲种群之间的基因交换，因此已经发展出识别或耐受这种有毒猎物的能力。

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