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Economic and social dimensions of environmental behavior: Balancing conservation and development in Bhutan

机译：环境行为的经济和社会层面：平衡不丹的保护与发展

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One of the primary approaches to environmental conservation emphasizes economic development. This conservation-and-development approach often ignores how development affects sociocultural characteristics that may motivate environmental behaviors (actions that actively benefit or limit one's negative impacts on the environment). Evolutionary anthropologists espouse a theoretical perspective that supports the conservation-and-development approach. Others believe sociocultural factors are the foundation of environmental behavior and worry that development will erode the values and norms that may shape such behavior. My research assistants and I surveyed 170 individuals from eight villages in two communities in Bhutan to explore whether economic (wealth, market integration) or social (religious behaviors, environmental values, social capital) factors are better indicators of environmental behavior. I used multilevel modeling to analyze use of fuelwood, use of agricultural chemicals, and tree planting, and to determine whether social norms were associated with these behaviors. Although economic factors were more often associated with these behaviors than social factors, local conditions and control variables were the best indicators of behaviors. Furthermore, economic factors were not always associated with positive environmental outcomes. Instead, farmers attempted to make the best economic decisions given their circumstances rather than seeking to conserve resources. Although religion was not a strong predictor of any of the behaviors I examined, I found evidence that the understanding of Buddhist philosophy is growing, which suggests that social factors may play a more prominent role as Bhutan's development progresses. My results highlight the need for conservation planners to be aware of local conditions when planning and implementing policies aimed at motivating environmental behaviors and that economic and social motivations for conservation may not be mutually exclusive.
机译：环境保护的主要方法之一是强调经济发展。这种保护与发展的方法常常忽略了发展如何影响可能促使环境行为（积极地有益于或限制人对环境的负面影响的行为）的社会文化特征。进化人类学家拥护支持保护与发展方法的理论观点。其他人则认为社会文化因素是环境行为的基础，并担心发展会侵蚀可能影响这种行为的价值和规范。我和我的研究助手对不丹两个社区八个村庄的170个人进行了调查，以探讨经济因素（财富，市场一体化）还是社会因素（宗教行为，环境价值，社会资本）是否可以更好地指示环境行为。我使用了多级建模来分析薪柴的使用，农用化学品的使用和植树，并确定社会规范是否与这些行为相关。尽管经济因素比社会因素更常与这些行为相关，但当地条件和控制变量是行为的最佳指标。此外，经济因素并不总是与积极的环境成果有关。相反，农民试图根据自己的情况做出最佳的经济决策，而不是试图节约资源。尽管宗教不是我所考察的任何行为的有力预测因素，但我发现有证据表明，人们对佛教哲学的理解正在增长，这表明随着不丹的发展进步，社会因素可能起着更加重要的作用。我的结果强调，保护规划人员在计划和实施旨在激发环境行为的政策时，必须了解当地情况，并且保护的经济和社会动机可能不会相互排斥。

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