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The landscape ecology of invasive spread

机译：入侵传播的景观生态学

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Although habitat loss, fragmentation, and invasive species collectively pose the greatest threats to biodiversity, little theoretical or empirical research has addressed the effects of landscape structure-or spatial pattern more generally-on the spread of invasive species. Landscape ecology is the study of how spatial pattern affects ecological process. Thus, a landscape ecology of invasive spread involves understanding how spatial pattern, such as habitat fragmentation or resource distributions, affects the various stages of the invasion process. Landscape structure may affect the spread of invasive species and the invasibility of communities by (1) enhancing spread above some threshold level of landscape disturbance directly, or indirectly through landscape effects on dispersal vectors; (2) affecting the various stages of the invasion process (e.g., dispersal vs. population growth) in different, potentially contrasting, ways; (3) interacting with the distribution of invasive species to facilitate spread (e.g., nascent foci); (4) promoting or altering species interactions in ways that enhance the invasibility of communities (e.g., edge effects); (5) compromising the adaptive potential of native species to resist invasion, or-alternatively-enhancing the adaptive response of invasive species, in fragmented landscapes; and (6) interacting with the dynamics of the disturbance architecture to create spatiotemporal fluctuations in resource availability, which enhance system invasibility. Understanding the landscape ecology of invasive spread may thus afford new insights and opportunities for managing and restoring landscapes so as to control the spread of invasive species and minimize the invasibility of communities. [References: 75]
机译：尽管栖息地的丧失，破碎和入侵物种共同构成了对生物多样性的最大威胁，但很少有理论或实证研究已解决景观结构或空间格局对入侵物种扩散的影响。景观生态学是关于空间格局如何影响生态过程的研究。因此，入侵性传播的景观生态学涉及理解空间格局（例如栖息地破碎或资源分布）如何影响入侵过程的各个阶段。景观结构可能通过以下方式影响入侵物种的扩散和社区的入侵性：（1）直接或通过景观对散布媒介的影响而间接地将扩散扩展到某一水平以上的景观扰动阈值之上; （2）以不同的，可能相反的方式影响入侵过程的各个阶段（例如，分散与人口增长）; （3）与入侵物种的分布相互作用以促进传播（例如新生疫源地）; （4）以增强群落入侵性的方式促进或改变物种相互作用（例如边缘效应）; （5）在破碎的景观中损害本土物种抵抗入侵的适应能力，或替代地增强入侵物种的适应性反应; （6）与干扰体系结构的动态相互作用，在资源可用性方面造成时空波动，从而增强系统的可入侵性。因此，了解入侵性传播的景观生态学可能会为管理和恢复景观提供新的见识和机会，从而控制入侵性物种的传播并最大程度地减少社区的可入侵性。 [参考：75]

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