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Vision and the light environment

机译：视觉与光线环境

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Almost all animals, no matter how humble, possess eyes. Only those that live in total darkness, such as in a pitch-dark cave, may lack eyes entirely. Even at tremendous depths in the ocean — where the only lights that are ever seen are rare and fitful sparks of bioluminescence — most animals have eyes, and often surprisingly well-developed eyes. And despite their diversity (there are currently ten generally recognised optical types) all eyes have evolved in response to the remarkably varied light environments that are present in the habitats where animals live. Variations in the intensity of light, as well as in its direction, colour and dominant planes of polarisation, have all had dramatic effects on visual evolution. In the terrestrial habitats where we ourselves have most recently evolved, the light environment can vary quite markedly from day to night and from one location to another. In aquatic habitats, this variation can be orders of magnitude greater. Even though the ecologies and life histories of animals have played a major role in visual evolution, it is arguably the physical limitations imposed on photodetection by a given habitat and its light environment that have defined the basic selective pressures that have driven the evolution of eyes.
机译：几乎所有的动物，无论多么谦虚，都拥有眼睛。只有那些生活在完全黑暗中的人，例如在漆黑的洞穴中，才可能完全缺乏眼睛。即使在海洋的深处，也只有很少见的光是合适的生物发光火花，大多数动物的眼睛都是眼睛，而且眼睛通常发育良好。尽管它们具有多样性（目前有十种公认的光学类型），但所有眼睛都已根据动物所居住的栖息地中存在的显着变化的光照环境而进化。光强度及其方向，颜色和主偏振面的变化都对视觉演化产生了巨大影响。在我们自己最近进化过的陆地栖息地中，光线环境在白天和黑夜之间以及从一个位置到另一个位置都有很大的不同。在水生生境中，这种变化可能会大几个数量级。尽管动物的生态学和生活史在视觉进化中起着重要作用，但可以说，给定栖息地及其光环境对光检测施加的物理限制定义了驱动眼睛进化的基本选择压力。

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