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首页> 外文期刊>Acta Horticulturae >Methyl bromide alternatives for dates disinfestations.
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Methyl bromide alternatives for dates disinfestations.

机译：杀虫剂的甲基溴替代品。

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Methyl bromide (MB) is a fumigant that has been used to control a wide range of pests in agriculture and for disinfestations of durables and perishable commodities. At the moment, MB is the main fumigant in use for dates' disinfection. Fumigation must not be carried out when the fruit is fresh, harvested at the khalal stage or when stored under deep refrigeration. The average practical dose is 15 g/m3 for 12-24 hours at 15-16 degrees C. However, MB is one of the most powerful chemicals that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. In 1997, the Meetings of the Parties required that developed countries phase out MB by 2005 and by 2015 in developing countries. According to 2006 Assessment Reports of the UNEP's MB Technical Options Committee, alternatives to MB have been identified for about 95% of controlled uses. However, no technically and economically effective alternatives are identified for high-moisture dates. Many feasible alternatives to MB for dates' disinfestations are known of which are heat treatments, heat and carbon dioxide, phosphine (PH3), sulfuryl fluoride, ethyl formate, modified atmosphere and phosphine/CO2 mixture. In this respect, two laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of modified atmospheres (MAs) as well as MAs/PH3 mixture on controlling Oryzaephilus surinamensis and Tribolium confusum in stored dates. The results of the first experiment indicated that application of MAs alone achieved 100% mortality of tested pests after 36-48h, depending on the type of the pest and CO2 concentration. The second experiment indicated that 100% mortality of tested pests' stages was achieved after 6h only when CO2 was combined with half the recommended dose of PH3. It can be concluded that the use of CO2 in combination with PH3 significantly shortened the time required to achieve complete mortality of infesting pests. Simultaneously, this treatment did not cause any noticeable changes in the tested chemical properties of treated fruits.
机译：甲基溴（MB）是一种熏蒸剂，已被用于控制农业中的多种害虫以及持久性和易腐商品的灭虫。目前，MB是用于枣子消毒的主要熏蒸剂。当水果是新鲜的，在清真阶段收获的或在深度冷藏条件下储存时，不得进行熏蒸。在15-16摄氏度下12-24小时的平均实际剂量为15 g / m 3 。但是，MB是消耗平流层臭氧层的最强大的化学物质之一。 1997年，缔约方会议要求发达国家在2005年之前和2015年之前在发展中国家逐步淘汰甲基溴。根据环境署甲基溴技术选择委员会的2006年评估报告，大约95％的受控用途已确定了甲基溴的替代品。但是，没有找到高水分日期的技术上和经济上有效的替代方法。已知有许多可行的MB替代品可用于枣的灭虫，包括热处理，加热和二氧化碳，磷化氢（PH 3 ），硫酰氟，甲酸乙酯，改性气氛和膦/ CO 2 混合物。在这方面，进行了两个实验室实验，以评估改良气氛（MAs）以及MAs / PH 3 混合物对防治 Oryzaephilus surinamensis 和 Tribolium的作用存储日期中的confusum 。第一个实验的结果表明，单独使用MA可以在36-48小时后达到100％的被测害虫死亡率，具体取决于害虫的种类和CO 2 的浓度。第二个实验表明，只有将CO 2 和推荐的PH 3 剂量的一半混合使用，才能在6小时后达到100％的被测害虫阶段死亡率。可以得出结论，将CO 2 与PH 3 结合使用可显着缩短实现害虫完全死亡所需的时间。同时，这种处理没有对处理过的水果的测试化学性质造成任何明显的变化。

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