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Refractive effects in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy

机译:相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射显微镜的折射效应

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Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy with high sensitivity and high three-dimensional resolution has been developed for the vibrational imaging of chemical species. Due to the coherent nature of the CARS emission, it has been reported that the detection of epi-CARS and forward-CARS (F-CARS) signals depends on the size and shape of the sample. We investigate theoretically and experimentally the effects on the CARS signal of refractive index mismatches between the sample and its surroundings. Backward-CARS and F-CARS signals are measured for different polystyrene bead diameters embedded in different refractive index solvents. We show that index mismatches result in a backward-reflected F-CARS signal that generally dominates the experimentally backward-detected signal. Simulations based on geometrical and wave optics comparing forward- and backward-detected signals for polystyrene beads embedded in different index solvents confirm our findings. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the maxima of forward- and backward-detected signals are generated at different positions along the optical axis in the sample if refractive index mismatches are present between the sample and its surroundings.
机译:已经开发了具有高灵敏度和高三维分辨率的相干抗斯托克斯拉曼散射(CARS)显微镜,用于化学物质的振动成像。由于CARS发射的相干特性,据报道,epi-CARS和前向CARS(F-CARS)信号的检测取决于样品的大小和形状。我们在理论上和实验上研究了样品及其周围环境之间折射率失配对CARS信号的影响。对于嵌入不同折射率溶剂中的不同聚苯乙烯珠直径,测量了向后CARS和F-CARS信号。我们显示索引不匹配会导致后向反射F-CARS信号,该信号通常在实验上向后检测的信号中占主导地位。基于几何和波光学的模拟比较了嵌入在不同指数溶剂中的聚苯乙烯珠的向前和向后检测信号,证实了我们的发现。此外,我们证明,如果样品及其周围环境之间存在折射率不匹配,则沿样品中光轴的不同位置会生成前向和后向检测信号的最大值。

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