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Cell competition.

机译：细胞竞争。

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摘要

Animal communication signals can contain surprisingly complex information, which plays a vital role in a variety of social interactions. For example, many species of birds and mammals produce vocal alarm signals when encountering a predator [1,2], and these calls often serve to communicate the type of predator and/or the degree of danger to members of a social group [3,4,5]. Similarly, signals used in parentoffspring interactions can encode sophisticated information such as the type and immediacy of threat to the offspring [6,7,8]. Here, I show that differential use of parental alarm calls in great tits (Parus major) functions to elicit different predator-avoidance behaviors in altricial nestlings: great tit parents produce acoustically distinctive alarm calls for the two main nest predators, the jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchos) and the Japanese rat snake (Elaphe climacophora). Nestlings crouched down inside their nest cavity in response to alarm calls given for a crow, while they fled the cavity in response to alarm calls given for a snake. The two responses help nestlings to selectively evade those predators, because crows snatch nestlings from the nest entrance, whereas snakes invade the nest cavity. While chicks of some species have been shown to recognize and respond appropriately to parental alarm calls [7,8,9,10], the present findings demonstrate that nest predation by multiple predator species can drive evolution of complex parentoffspring communication in altricial species.
机译：动物的交流信号可能包含令人惊讶的复杂信息，在各种社会互动中起着至关重要的作用。例如，许多鸟类和哺乳动物在遇到掠食者时都会发出声音警报信号[1,2]，而这些呼叫通常可以用来向社会成员传达掠食者的类型和/或危险程度[3， 4,5]。类似地，在亲子后代互动中使用的信号可以编码复杂的信息，例如对后代的威胁的类型和直接性[6,7,8]。在这里，我证明了在大山雀（Parus major）函数中父母警报呼叫的不同用法会引起母巢中不同的捕食者回避行为：大山雀父母对两个主要的巢捕食者丛林乌鸦（乌鸦座）发出声学上独特的警报和日本老鼠蛇（Elaphe climacophora）。雏鸟响应乌鸦发出的警报而蹲在巢腔内，而它们响应蛇发出警报而逃出了巢腔。这两种反应有助于雏鸟有选择地逃避那些掠食者，因为乌鸦从鸟巢的入口抢走了雏鸟，而蛇则入侵了鸟巢。虽然某些物种的雏鸡已显示出能够识别并适当响应父母警报[7,8,9,10]，但目前的发现表明，多种掠食者物种对巢的捕食可以推动复杂的亲代后代交流。

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